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IAL 2022 Jan FP3 Q3

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2022 Jan Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

(a) Given that

y=arsech(x2),0<x2,y=\operatorname{arsech}\bigg(\frac{x}{2}\bigg), \qquad 0<x\le2,

show that

dydx=pxqx2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{p}{x\sqrt{q-x^2}}

where pp and qq are constants to be determined.

(4)

In part (b) solutions based entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

f(x)=artanh(x)+arsech(x2),0<x1\mathrm{f}(x)=\operatorname{artanh}(x) +\operatorname{arsech}\bigg(\frac{x}{2}\bigg), \qquad 0<x\le1

(b) Determine, in simplest form, the exact value of xx for which f(x)=0\mathrm{f}'(x)=0.

(5)
题目中文翻译

(a) 已知

y=arsech(x2),0<x2,y=\operatorname{arsech}\bigg(\frac{x}{2}\bigg), \qquad 0<x\le2,

证明

dydx=pxqx2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{p}{x\sqrt{q-x^2}}

其中 ppqq 为待定常数。

在 (b) 中,完全依赖计算器技术的解答不予接受。

f(x)=artanh(x)+arsech(x2),0<x1\mathrm{f}(x)=\operatorname{artanh}(x) +\operatorname{arsech}\bigg(\frac{x}{2}\bigg), \qquad 0<x\le1

(b) 求使 f(x)=0\mathrm{f}'(x)=0xx 的最简精确值。

解答

(a)

解法一:对 sechy=x2\operatorname{sech}y=\frac{x}{2} 隐式求导

思路

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先对反双曲正割关系取 sech\operatorname{sech},得到 sechy=x2\operatorname{sech}y=\frac{x}{2}。隐式求导后,用 tanh2y=1sech2y\tanh^2y=1-\operatorname{sech}^2y 把结果完全改写成 xx;由定义域可确定 tanhy\tanh y 取非负根。

答题过程

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Since

y=arsech(x2),y=\operatorname{arsech}\bigg(\frac{x}{2}\bigg),

we have

sechy=x2.\operatorname{sech}y=\frac{x}{2}.

Differentiating implicitly with respect to xx,

sechytanhydydx=12.-\operatorname{sech}y\tanh y \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\frac12.

For 0<x20<x\le2, y0y\ge0, so

tanhy=1sech2y=1x24=4x22.\begin{align*} \tanh y =&\,\sqrt{1-\operatorname{sech}^2y} \\ =&\,\sqrt{1-\frac{x^2}{4}} \\ =&\,\frac{\sqrt{4-x^2}}{2}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

dydx=12sechytanhy=2x4x2.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,-\frac{1} {2\operatorname{sech}y\tanh y} \\ =&\,-\frac{2}{x\sqrt{4-x^2}}. \end{align*}

Hence

p=2,q=4.\boxed{p=-2,\qquad q=4}.

解法二:改写成 arcosh\operatorname{arcosh}

思路

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利用 arsechu=arcosh(1/u)\operatorname{arsech}u=\operatorname{arcosh}(1/u),把函数改写成 arcosh(2/x)\operatorname{arcosh}(2/x),然后套用反双曲余弦的导数公式。条件 x>0x>0 可用于正确化简根式中的绝对值。

答题过程

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For x>0x>0,

y=arcosh(2x).y=\operatorname{arcosh}\bigg(\frac2x\bigg).

Therefore,

dydx=2/x2(2/x)21=2/x24x2/x=2x4x2.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,\frac{-2/x^2} {\sqrt{(2/x)^2-1}} \\ =&\,\frac{-2/x^2} {\sqrt{4-x^2}/x} \\ =&\,-\frac{2}{x\sqrt{4-x^2}}. \end{align*}

Thus

p=2,q=4.\boxed{p=-2,\qquad q=4}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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使用 (a) 的结果求 f(x)\mathrm{f}'(x) 并令其为零。平方前先依据定义域确认等式两边非负,避免产生未经控制的增根;所得方程是关于 x2x^2 的二次方程,最后用 0<x10<x\le1 筛选并检查答案。

答题过程

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Using part (a),

f(x)=11x22x4x2.\mathrm{f}'(x) =\frac{1}{1-x^2} -\frac{2}{x\sqrt{4-x^2}}.

For an interior solution, 0<x<10<x<1. Setting f(x)=0\mathrm{f}'(x)=0 gives

x4x2=2(1x2).x\sqrt{4-x^2}=2(1-x^2).

Both sides are non-negative on this domain, so squaring is valid:

x2(4x2)=4(1x2)25x412x2+4=0.\begin{align*} x^2(4-x^2) =&\,4(1-x^2)^2 \\ \Longrightarrow\quad 5x^4-12x^2+4 =&\,0. \end{align*}

Let u=x2u=x^2. Then

5u212u+4=0,5u^2-12u+4=0,

so

u=2oru=25.u=2\quad\text{or}\quad u=\frac25.

The condition 0<x10<x\le1 excludes x2=2x^2=2 and selects the positive square root. Substitution in the unsquared equation confirms the solution. Hence

x=25=105.\boxed{x=\sqrt{\frac25}=\frac{\sqrt{10}}5}.