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IAL 2022 Jan FP3 Q7

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2022 Jan Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

The line l1l_1 has equation

x34=y52=z47\frac{x-3}{4}=\frac{y-5}{-2}=\frac{z-4}{7}

The plane Π\Pi has equation

2x+4yz=12x+4y-z=1

The line l1l_1 intersects the plane Π\Pi at the point PP

(a) Determine the coordinates of PP

The acute angle between l1l_1 and Π\Pi is θ\theta degrees.

(b) Determine, to one decimal place, the value of θ\theta

The line l2l_2 lies in Π\Pi and passes through PP

Given that the acute angle between l1l_1 and l2l_2 is also θ\theta degrees,

(c) determine a vector equation for l2l_2

(11)
题目中文翻译

直线 l1l_1 的方程为

x34=y52=z47\frac{x-3}{4}=\frac{y-5}{-2}=\frac{z-4}{7}

平面 Π\Pi 的方程为

2x+4yz=12x+4y-z=1

直线 l1l_1 与平面 Π\Pi 交于点 PP

(a) 求 PP 的坐标

l1l_1Π\Pi 的锐角为 θ\theta 度。

(b) 求 θ\theta 的值,精确到一位小数。

直线 l2l_2 位于 Π\Pi 内并经过 PP

已知 l1l_1l2l_2 的锐角也为 θ\theta 度,

(c) 求 l2l_2 的向量方程

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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把直线改写成参数式,再将参数坐标代入平面方程。解出交点对应的参数后,代回直线即可得到 PP

答题过程

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A parametric equation of l1l_1 is

r=(354)+λ(427).\mathbf r= \begin{pmatrix}3\\5\\4\end{pmatrix} +\lambda\begin{pmatrix}4\\-2\\7\end{pmatrix}.

Thus a general point on l1l_1 is

(x,y,z)=(3+4λ,52λ,4+7λ).(x,y,z)=(3+4\lambda,5-2\lambda,4+7\lambda).

Substituting into the equation of Π\Pi,

2(3+4λ)+4(52λ)(4+7λ)=1,227λ=1.\begin{align*} 2(3+4\lambda)+4(5-2\lambda) -(4+7\lambda) =&\,1, \\ 22-7\lambda =&\,1. \end{align*}

Hence λ=3\lambda=3, giving

P=(15,1,25).\boxed{P=(15,-1,25)}.

(b)

解法一:使用点积

思路

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直线与平面的夹角,等于直线方向向量与平面法向量夹角的余角。因此可直接使用公式 sinθ=dndn\sin\theta=\frac{|\mathbf d\cdot\mathbf n|}{|\mathbf d||\mathbf n|}

答题过程

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A direction vector of l1l_1 and a normal vector to Π\Pi are

d=(427),n=(241).\mathbf d=\begin{pmatrix}4\\-2\\7\end{pmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf n=\begin{pmatrix}2\\4\\-1\end{pmatrix}.

Their scalar product is

dn=887=7.\mathbf d\cdot\mathbf n =8-8-7=-7.

Therefore,

sinθ=dndn=76921.\begin{align*} \sin\theta =&\,\frac{|\mathbf d\cdot\mathbf n|} {|\mathbf d||\mathbf n|} \\ =&\,\frac7{\sqrt{69}\sqrt{21}}. \end{align*}

Hence

θ=10.6\boxed{\theta=10.6^\circ}

to one decimal place.

解法二:使用叉积

思路

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先用叉积求方向向量与法向量之间的锐角 α\alpha。因为直线与平面的夹角是其余角,所以最后取 θ=90α\theta=90^\circ-\alpha

答题过程

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Using the same vectors,

n×d=(261820).\mathbf n\times\mathbf d =\begin{pmatrix}26\\-18\\-20\end{pmatrix}.

If α\alpha is the acute angle between d\mathbf d and n\mathbf n, then

sinα=n×dnd=262+182+2022169=10141449.\begin{align*} \sin\alpha =&\,\frac{|\mathbf n\times\mathbf d|} {|\mathbf n||\mathbf d|} \\ =&\,\frac{\sqrt{26^2+18^2+20^2}} {\sqrt{21}\sqrt{69}} \\ =&\,\frac{10\sqrt{14}}{\sqrt{1449}}. \end{align*}

This gives α79.403\alpha\approx79.403^\circ. Therefore,

θ=90α=10.6\boxed{\theta=90^\circ-\alpha=10.6^\circ}

to one decimal place.

(c)

解法一:连续使用叉积

思路

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l2l_2 的方向是 l1l_1 方向在平面 Π\Pi 上的正射影。先求一个同时垂直于平面法向量和 l1l_1 方向的向量,再将它与法向量作叉积,就得到位于平面内的投影方向。

答题过程

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Let

a=n×d.\mathbf a=\mathbf n\times\mathbf d.

Then

a=ijk241427=(261820).\mathbf a =\begin{vmatrix} \mathbf i&\mathbf j&\mathbf k\\ 2&4&-1\\ 4&-2&7 \end{vmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}26\\-18\\-20\end{pmatrix}.

A direction vector of l2l_2 is perpendicular to both a\mathbf a and n\mathbf n. Hence

a×n=(9814140)=14(7110).\begin{align*} \mathbf a\times\mathbf n =&\,\begin{pmatrix}98\\-14\\140\end{pmatrix} \\ =&\,14\begin{pmatrix}7\\-1\\10\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Since l2l_2 passes through P=(15,1,25)P=(15,-1,25), a vector equation is

r=(15125)+μ(7110).\boxed{ \mathbf r= \begin{pmatrix}15\\-1\\25\end{pmatrix} +\mu\begin{pmatrix}7\\-1\\10\end{pmatrix} }.

解法二:把直线上的点正射影到平面

思路

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l1l_1 上另取一点 AA,沿平面法向量作直线并求其与平面的交点 BB。由于 PP 已在平面上,PBPB 就是 l1l_1 一段方向的正射影,因此其方向与所求 l2l_2 相同。

答题过程

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Taking λ=1\lambda=1 on l1l_1 gives

A=(7,3,11).A=(7,3,11).

The line through AA normal to Π\Pi is

r=(7311)+t(241).\mathbf r= \begin{pmatrix}7\\3\\11\end{pmatrix} +t\begin{pmatrix}2\\4\\-1\end{pmatrix}.

At its intersection BB with Π\Pi,

2(7+2t)+4(3+4t)(11t)=1.2(7+2t)+4(3+4t)-(11-t)=1.

Thus t=23t=-\frac23, so

B=(17/31/335/3).B=\begin{pmatrix}17/3\\1/3\\35/3\end{pmatrix}.

Therefore,

BP=(15125)(17/31/335/3)=43(7110).\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{BP} =&\,\begin{pmatrix}15\\-1\\25\end{pmatrix} -\begin{pmatrix}17/3\\1/3\\35/3\end{pmatrix} \\ =&\,\frac43\begin{pmatrix}7\\-1\\10\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Hence

r=(15125)+μ(7110).\boxed{ \mathbf r= \begin{pmatrix}15\\-1\\25\end{pmatrix} +\mu\begin{pmatrix}7\\-1\\10\end{pmatrix} }.