Skip to content
CalcGospel 國際數學圖譜
返回

IAL 2022 Jan FP3 Q8

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2022 Jan Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

The ellipse EE has equation

x29+y24=1\frac{x^2}{9}+\frac{y^2}{4}=1

(a) Determine the eccentricity of EE

(b) Hence, for this ellipse, determine

(i) the coordinates of the foci,

(ii) the equations of the directrices.

The point PP lies on EE and has coordinates (3cosθ,2sinθ)(3\cos\theta,2\sin\theta).

The line l1l_1 is the tangent to EE at the point PP

(c) Using calculus, show that an equation for l1l_1 is

2xcosθ+3ysinθ=62x\cos\theta+3y\sin\theta=6

The line l2l_2 passes through the origin and is perpendicular to l1l_1

The line l1l_1 intersects the line l2l_2 at the point QQ

(d) Determine the coordinates of QQ

(e) Show that, as θ\theta varies, the point QQ lies on the curve with equation

(x2+y2)2=αx2+βy2(x^2+y^2)^2=\alpha x^2+\beta y^2

where α\alpha and β\beta are constants to be determined.

(13)
题目中文翻译

椭圆 EE 的方程为

x29+y24=1\frac{x^2}{9}+\frac{y^2}{4}=1

(a) 求 EE 的离心率

(b) 因此,对该椭圆,求

(i) 焦点坐标,

(ii) 准线方程。

PPEE 上,坐标为 (3cosθ,2sinθ)(3\cos\theta,2\sin\theta)

直线 l1l_1EE 在点 PP 处的切线

(c) 用微积分证明 l1l_1 的方程为

2xcosθ+3ysinθ=62x\cos\theta+3y\sin\theta=6

直线 l2l_2 过原点并且垂直于 l1l_1

直线 l1l_1l2l_2 相交于点 QQ

(d) 求 QQ 的坐标

(e) 证明当 θ\theta 变化时,点 QQ 位于方程

(x2+y2)2=αx2+βy2(x^2+y^2)^2=\alpha x^2+\beta y^2

所表示的曲线上,其中 α\alphaβ\beta 为待定常数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

从椭圆标准式读出半长轴 a=3a=3、半短轴 b=2b=2,再使用 b2=a2(1e2)b^2=a^2(1-e^2) 求离心率。离心率按定义取非负值。

答题过程

展开

For the ellipse,

a=3,b=2.a=3, \qquad b=2.

Using b2=a2(1e2)b^2=a^2(1-e^2),

4=9(1e2),e2=59.\begin{align*} 4=&\,9(1-e^2), \\ e^2=&\,\frac59. \end{align*}

Since eccentricity is non-negative,

e=53.\boxed{e=\frac{\sqrt5}{3}}.

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

横轴椭圆的两个焦点为 (±ae,0)(\pm ae,0)。直接承接 (a) 的离心率代入即可。

答题过程

展开

The foci are

(±ae,0)=(±353,0).(\pm ae,0) =\bigg(\pm3\cdot\frac{\sqrt5}{3},0\bigg).

Therefore, their coordinates are

(5,0)and(5,0).\boxed{(\sqrt5,0)\quad\text{and}\quad(-\sqrt5,0)}.

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

横轴椭圆的准线方程为 x=±aex=\pm\frac ae。继续使用 (a) 的结果,并把分母有理化。

答题过程

展开

The directrices are

x=±ae=±35/3=±955.\begin{align*} x=&\,\pm\frac ae \\ =&\,\pm\frac{3}{\sqrt5/3} \\ =&\,\boxed{\pm\frac{9\sqrt5}{5}}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一:使用参数方程求导

思路

展开

x=3cosθx=3\cos\thetay=2sinθy=2\sin\theta 分别关于 θ\theta 求导,得到切线斜率,再写出过 PP 的点斜式。整理时用 sin2θ+cos2θ=1\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta=1 自然推出题目要求的方程。

答题过程

展开

The parametric derivatives are

dxdθ=3sinθ,dydθ=2cosθ.\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}\theta} =-3\sin\theta, \qquad \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}\theta} =2\cos\theta.

Hence, where sinθ0\sin\theta\ne0,

dydx=2cosθ3sinθ.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =-\frac{2\cos\theta}{3\sin\theta}.

The tangent at P=(3cosθ,2sinθ)P=(3\cos\theta,2\sin\theta) is therefore

y2sinθ=2cosθ3sinθ×(x3cosθ).\begin{align*} y-2\sin\theta =&\,-\frac{2\cos\theta}{3\sin\theta} \\ &\,\hspace{4pt}\times\bigl(x-3\cos\theta\bigr). \end{align*}

Multiplying by 3sinθ3\sin\theta and rearranging,

3ysinθ6sin2θ=2xcosθ+6cos2θ,2xcosθ+3ysinθ=6(sin2θ+cos2θ)=6.\begin{align*} 3y\sin\theta-6\sin^2\theta =&\,-2x\cos\theta+6\cos^2\theta, \\ 2x\cos\theta+3y\sin\theta =&\,6\bigl(\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta\bigr) \\ =&\,6. \end{align*}

Thus

2xcosθ+3ysinθ=6.\boxed{2x\cos\theta+3y\sin\theta=6}.

When sinθ=0\sin\theta=0, the tangent is vertical, and the boxed equation gives x=3x=3 or x=3x=-3 as appropriate, so the result also covers these cases.

解法二:隐式求导

思路

展开

直接对椭圆方程隐式求导,把切线斜率写成 x,yx,y 的式子,再代入点 PP 的参数坐标。后续点斜式整理与解法一相同。

答题过程

展开

Differentiating

x29+y24=1\frac{x^2}{9}+\frac{y^2}{4}=1

implicitly gives

2x9+y2dydx=0.\frac{2x}{9}+\frac{y}{2} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=0.

Thus

dydx=4x9y.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =-\frac{4x}{9y}.

At P=(3cosθ,2sinθ)P=(3\cos\theta,2\sin\theta),

dydx=2cosθ3sinθ.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =-\frac{2\cos\theta}{3\sin\theta}.

Therefore,

y2sinθ=2cosθ3sinθ×(x3cosθ),2xcosθ+3ysinθ=6.\begin{align*} y-2\sin\theta =&\,-\frac{2\cos\theta}{3\sin\theta} \\ &\,\hspace{4pt}\times\bigl(x-3\cos\theta\bigr), \\ 2x\cos\theta+3y\sin\theta =&\,6. \end{align*}

Hence

2xcosθ+3ysinθ=6.\boxed{2x\cos\theta+3y\sin\theta=6}.

The cases y=0y=0 give the vertical tangents x=±3x=\pm3, which are also included in the boxed equation.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

l1l_1 的法向量为 (2cosθ,3sinθ)(2\cos\theta,3\sin\theta)。因为 l2l_2 垂直于 l1l_1 且经过原点,这个法向量正好可作 l2l_2 的方向向量;以参数式联立两条直线,可避免除以 sinθ\sin\thetacosθ\cos\theta 所产生的特殊情况。

答题过程

展开

A normal vector to l1l_1 is

(2cosθ3sinθ).\begin{pmatrix}2\cos\theta\\3\sin\theta\end{pmatrix}.

Since l2l_2 passes through the origin and is perpendicular to l1l_1, write

(xy)=t(2cosθ3sinθ).\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix} =t\begin{pmatrix}2\cos\theta\\3\sin\theta\end{pmatrix}.

Substituting x=2tcosθx=2t\cos\theta and y=3tsinθy=3t\sin\theta into l1l_1 gives

t(4cos2θ+9sin2θ)=6.t\bigl(4\cos^2\theta+9\sin^2\theta\bigr)=6.

Therefore,

t=64cos2θ+9sin2θ,t=\frac6{4\cos^2\theta+9\sin^2\theta},

and hence

Q:(xy)=(12cosθ4cos2θ+9sin2θ18sinθ4cos2θ+9sin2θ).\boxed{ Q: \begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \dfrac{12\cos\theta} {4\cos^2\theta+9\sin^2\theta}\\ \dfrac{18\sin\theta} {4\cos^2\theta+9\sin^2\theta} \end{pmatrix} }.

(e)

解法一:直接计算两边

思路

展开

把 (d) 的共同分母记为 DD。先计算 x2+y2x^2+y^2,其分子恰好是 36D36D;再计算 9x2+4y29x^2+4y^2,利用平方和恒等式即可发现它等于 (x2+y2)2(x^2+y^2)^2

答题过程

展开

Let

D=4cos2θ+9sin2θ.D=4\cos^2\theta+9\sin^2\theta.

From part (d),

x=12cosθD,y=18sinθD.x=\frac{12\cos\theta}{D}, \qquad y=\frac{18\sin\theta}{D}.

Therefore,

x2+y2=144cos2θ+324sin2θD2=36DD2=36D.\begin{align*} x^2+y^2 =&\,\frac{144\cos^2\theta+324\sin^2\theta}{D^2} \\ =&\,\frac{36D}{D^2} \\ =&\,\frac{36}{D}. \end{align*}

Hence

(x2+y2)2=1296D2.(x^2+y^2)^2=\frac{1296}{D^2}.

Also,

9x2+4y2=1296cos2θ+1296sin2θD2=1296D2.\begin{align*} 9x^2+4y^2 =&\,\frac{1296\cos^2\theta +1296\sin^2\theta}{D^2} \\ =&\,\frac{1296}{D^2}. \end{align*}

Thus

(x2+y2)2=9x2+4y2,\boxed{(x^2+y^2)^2=9x^2+4y^2},

so

α=9,β=4.\boxed{\alpha=9,\qquad\beta=4}.

解法二:利用坐标比消去 θ\theta

思路

展开

先由 (d) 两个坐标的比值得到 tan2θ\tan^2\theta,再把 xx 的参数式全部改写成 tanθ\tan\theta。代入比值并整理,即可消去参数;最后另行检查推导中被除去的 x=0x=0 情况。

答题过程

展开

For x0x\ne0, part (d) gives

yx=32tanθ,\frac{y}{x}=\frac32\tan\theta,

so

tan2θ=4y29x2.\tan^2\theta=\frac{4y^2}{9x^2}.

Also,

x=12secθ4+9tan2θ.x=\frac{12\sec\theta}{4+9\tan^2\theta}.

Therefore,

x2=144(1+tan2θ)(4+9tan2θ)2=144(1+4y2/(9x2))(4+4y2/x2)2=9+4y2/x2(1+y2/x2)2.\begin{align*} x^2 =&\,\frac{144(1+\tan^2\theta)} {(4+9\tan^2\theta)^2} \\ =&\,\frac{144\bigl(1+4y^2/(9x^2)\bigr)} {\bigl(4+4y^2/x^2\bigr)^2} \\ =&\,\frac{9+4y^2/x^2} {\bigl(1+y^2/x^2\bigr)^2}. \end{align*}

Rearranging,

(x2+y2)2x2=9x2+4y2x2,(x2+y2)2=9x2+4y2.\begin{align*} \frac{(x^2+y^2)^2}{x^2} =&\,\frac{9x^2+4y^2}{x^2}, \\ (x^2+y^2)^2 =&\,9x^2+4y^2. \end{align*}

If x=0x=0, part (d) gives Q=(0,±2)Q=(0,\pm2), which also satisfies the same equation. Hence the locus is

(x2+y2)2=9x2+4y2,\boxed{(x^2+y^2)^2=9x^2+4y^2},

with

α=9,β=4.\boxed{\alpha=9,\qquad\beta=4}.