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IAL 2023 Jan FP3 Q7

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

The plane Π\Pi has equation

r=(123)+λ(032)+μ(112)\mathbf r=\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3\end{pmatrix} +\lambda\begin{pmatrix}0\\3\\-2\end{pmatrix} +\mu\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}

where λ\lambda and μ\mu are scalar parameters.

(a) Determine a vector perpendicular to Π\Pi

The line ll meets Π\Pi at the point (1,2,3)(1,2,3) and passes through the point (1,0,1)(1,0,1)

(b) Determine the size of the acute angle between Π\Pi and ll

Give your answer to the nearest degree.

(c) Determine the shortest distance between Π\Pi and the point (6,3,6)(6,-3,-6)

(10)
题目中文翻译

平面 Π\Pi 的方程为

r=(123)+λ(032)+μ(112)\mathbf r=\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3\end{pmatrix} +\lambda\begin{pmatrix}0\\3\\-2\end{pmatrix} +\mu\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}

其中 λ\lambdaμ\mu 为标量参数。

(a) 求一个垂直于 Π\Pi 的向量

直线 llΠ\Pi 交于点 (1,2,3)(1,2,3),并经过点 (1,0,1)(1,0,1)

(b) 求平面 Π\Pi 与直线 ll 之间的锐角大小

答案取最接近的整数度数。

(c) 求平面 Π\Pi 与点 (6,3,6)(6,-3,-6) 之间的最短距离

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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平面内已有两个方向向量。它们的叉积同时垂直于这两个向量,因此就是平面的一个法向量。

答题过程

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A vector perpendicular to the plane is

(032)×(112)=(823).\begin{align*} \begin{pmatrix} 0\\3\\-2 \end{pmatrix} \times \begin{pmatrix} 1\\1\\2 \end{pmatrix} =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 8\\-2\\-3 \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Hence one such vector is

(823).\boxed{ \begin{pmatrix} 8\\-2\\-3 \end{pmatrix} }.

(b)

解法一:使用点积

思路

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先由直线上的两点求方向向量。直线与平面的夹角,等于直线方向与平面法向量夹角的余角,因此可直接使用正弦公式 sinθ=ndnd\sin\theta=\frac{|\mathbf n\cdot\mathbf d|}{|\mathbf n||\mathbf d|} 求锐角。

答题过程

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A direction vector of ll is

(123)(101)=(022).\begin{pmatrix} 1\\2\\3 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 1\\0\\1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0\\2\\2 \end{pmatrix}.

Let θ\theta be the acute angle between ll and Π\Pi. With

n=(823),d=(022),\mathbf n= \begin{pmatrix} 8\\-2\\-3 \end{pmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf d= \begin{pmatrix} 0\\2\\2 \end{pmatrix},

we have

sinθ=ndnd=8(0)2(2)3(2)778=5154.\begin{align*} \sin\theta =&\,\frac{|\mathbf n\mathbin{\boldsymbol{\cdot}}\mathbf d|} {|\mathbf n||\mathbf d|} \\ =&\,\frac{|8(0)-2(2)-3(2)|} {\sqrt{77}\sqrt8} \\ =&\,\frac5{\sqrt{154}}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

θ=sin1(5154)=23.760.\theta =\sin^{-1}\biggl(\frac5{\sqrt{154}}\biggr) =23.760\ldots^\circ.

To the nearest degree,

θ=24.\boxed{\theta=24^\circ}.

解法二:使用叉积

思路

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法向量与直线方向向量的夹角是直线与平面夹角的余角,所以两向量夹角的正弦正好等于所求角的余弦。用叉积模长公式即可直接求出 cosθ\cos\theta

答题过程

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Using the same vectors,

n×d=(21616),\mathbf n\times\mathbf d = \begin{pmatrix} 2\\-16\\16 \end{pmatrix},

so

cosθ=n×dnd=22+(16)2+162778=2129778.\begin{align*} \cos\theta =&\,\frac{|\mathbf n\times\mathbf d|} {|\mathbf n||\mathbf d|} \\ =&\,\frac{\sqrt{2^2+(-16)^2+16^2}} {\sqrt{77}\sqrt8} \\ =&\,\frac{2\sqrt{129}}{\sqrt{77}\sqrt8}. \end{align*}

Hence

θ=23.760,\theta=23.760\ldots^\circ,

and therefore

θ=24.\boxed{\theta=24^\circ}.

(c)

解法一:点到平面距离公式

思路

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先用 (a) 的法向量和已知平面上的点写出平面的笛卡尔方程,再把给定点代入点到平面距离公式。

答题过程

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Using the normal vector from part (a) and the point (1,2,3)(1,2,3), the plane has equation

8(x1)2(y2)3(z3)=0,8x2y3z+5=0.\begin{align*} 8(x-1)-2(y-2)-3(z-3) =&\,0, \\ 8x-2y-3z+5 =&\,0. \end{align*}

The shortest distance from (6,3,6)(6,-3,-6) to Π\Pi is

d=8(6)2(3)3(6)+582+(2)2+(3)2=7777=77.\begin{align*} d =&\,\frac{|8(6)-2(-3)-3(-6)+5|} {\sqrt{8^2+(-2)^2+(-3)^2}} \\ =&\,\frac{77}{\sqrt{77}} \\ =&\,\boxed{\sqrt{77}}. \end{align*}

解法二:求垂足

思路

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从给定点沿平面法向量作直线,这条直线必垂直于平面。求它与平面的交点,即得垂足;给定点到垂足的距离就是最短距离。

答题过程

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The line through R=(6,3,6)R=(6,-3,-6) perpendicular to Π\Pi is

r=(636)+t(823).\mathbf r= \begin{pmatrix} 6\\-3\\-6 \end{pmatrix} +t \begin{pmatrix} 8\\-2\\-3 \end{pmatrix}.

Thus a point on this line has coordinates

(6+8t,32t,63t).(6+8t,-3-2t,-6-3t).

Substituting into 8x2y3z+5=08x-2y-3z+5=0,

8(6+8t)2(32t)3(63t)+5=0,77+77t=0,\begin{align*} 8(6+8t)-2(-3-2t) &\,-3(-6-3t)+5=0, \\ 77+77t =&\,0, \end{align*}

so t=1t=-1. The foot of the perpendicular is therefore

H=(2,1,3).H=(-2,-1,-3).

Hence

RH=(6+2)2+(3+1)2+(6+3)2=64+4+9=77.\begin{align*} RH =&\,\sqrt{ (6+2)^2+(-3+1)^2+(-6+3)^2 } \\ =&\,\sqrt{64+4+9} \\ =&\,\boxed{\sqrt{77}}. \end{align*}