Skip to content
CalcGospel 國際數學圖譜
返回

IAL 2023 Jan FP3 Q9

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 9

题目

Problem

The ellipse EE has equation

x2+9y2=9x^2+9y^2=9

The foci of EE are F1F_1 and F2F_2

(a) (i) Determine the coordinates of F1F_1 and the coordinates of F2F_2

(ii) Write down the equation of each of the directrices of EE

The point PP lies on the ellipse.

(b) Show that PF1+PF2=6|PF_1|+|PF_2|=6

The straight line through PP with equation y=2x+cy=2x+c meets EE again at the point QQ

The point MM is the midpoint of PQPQ

(c) Show that as PP varies the locus of MM is a straight line passing through the origin.

(13)
题目中文翻译

椭圆 EE 的方程为

x2+9y2=9x^2+9y^2=9

EE 的焦点为 F1F_1F2F_2

(a) (i) 求 F1F_1F2F_2 的坐标

(ii) 写出 EE 的每条准线方程

PP 在椭圆上。

(b) 证明 PF1+PF2=6|PF_1|+|PF_2|=6

过点 PP 的直线方程为 y=2x+cy=2x+c,且它再次与 EE 相交于点 QQ

MMPQPQ 的中点

(c) 证明当 PP 变化时,MM 的轨迹是一条过原点的直线。

解答

(a)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

先把椭圆写成标准形式,读出半长轴 a=3a=3 与半短轴 b=1b=1。使用 c2=a2b2c^2=a^2-b^2 求焦距,再写出两个焦点坐标。

答题过程

展开

The ellipse can be written as

x29+y21=1,\frac{x^2}{9}+\frac{y^2}{1}=1,

so a=3a=3 and b=1b=1. Hence

c=a2b2=91=22.c=\sqrt{a^2-b^2} =\sqrt{9-1}=2\sqrt2.

Therefore, taking the positive focus as F1F_1,

F1=(22,0),F2=(22,0).\boxed{F_1=(2\sqrt2,0), \qquad F_2=(-2\sqrt2,0)}.

(a)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

先由 e=cae=\frac ca 求离心率,再使用横轴椭圆的准线公式 x=±aex=\pm\frac ae,最后把分母有理化。

答题过程

展开

The eccentricity is

e=ca=223.e=\frac ca=\frac{2\sqrt2}{3}.

Thus the directrices are

x=±ae=±322/3=±924.\begin{align*} x =&\,\pm\frac ae \\ =&\,\pm\frac{3}{2\sqrt2/3} \\ =&\,\boxed{\pm\frac{9\sqrt2}{4}}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一:使用焦点—准线定义

思路

展开

每个焦点都对应同侧的一条准线,且焦点距离等于离心率乘以到对应准线的垂直距离。令 P=(x,y)P=(x,y),把两段距离相加时,含 xx 的部分会抵消,留下常数 2a=62a=6

答题过程

展开

Let

d=ae=924.d=\frac ae=\frac{9\sqrt2}{4}.

The focus F1=(22,0)F_1=(2\sqrt2,0) corresponds to the directrix x=dx=d, while F2=(22,0)F_2=(-2\sqrt2,0) corresponds to x=dx=-d.

For P=(x,y)P=(x,y) on the ellipse, 3x3-3\le x\le3 and d>3d>3. Therefore, the perpendicular distances from PP to these directrices are

PM1=dx,PM2=d+x.PM_1=d-x, \qquad PM_2=d+x.

By the focus-directrix definition of an ellipse,

PF1=ePM1,PF2=ePM2.|PF_1|=ePM_1, \qquad |PF_2|=ePM_2.

Hence

PF1+PF2=e[(dx)+(d+x)]=2ed=2eae=2a=6,\begin{align*} |PF_1|+|PF_2| =&\,e\bigl[(d-x)+(d+x)\bigr] \\ =&\,2ed \\ =&\,2e\cdot\frac ae \\ =&\,2a=6, \end{align*}

as required.

解法二:参数化点 PP

思路

展开

把椭圆上的一般点写成 P=(3cosθ,sinθ)P=(3\cos\theta,\sin\theta)。分别用距离公式计算到两个焦点的距离;利用 sin2θ=1cos2θ\sin^2\theta=1-\cos^2\theta 后,两个根式都成为完全平方,并且因 3>223>2\sqrt2 可确定开方后的正负号。

答题过程

展开

Let

P=(3cosθ,sinθ).P=(3\cos\theta,\sin\theta).

Then

PF12=(3cosθ22)2+sin2θ=9cos2θ122cosθ+8+sin2θ=8cos2θ122cosθ+9=(322cosθ)2.\begin{align*} |PF_1|^2 =&\,(3\cos\theta-2\sqrt2)^2 +\sin^2\theta \\ =&\,9\cos^2\theta-12\sqrt2\cos\theta +8+\sin^2\theta \\ =&\,8\cos^2\theta-12\sqrt2\cos\theta+9 \\ =&\,(3-2\sqrt2\cos\theta)^2. \end{align*}

Since 322cosθ>03-2\sqrt2\cos\theta>0,

PF1=322cosθ.|PF_1|=3-2\sqrt2\cos\theta.

Similarly,

PF2=3+22cosθ.|PF_2|=3+2\sqrt2\cos\theta.

Therefore,

PF1+PF2=6.\boxed{|PF_1|+|PF_2|=6}.

(c)

解法一:根与系数关系

思路

展开

把直线方程代入椭圆,得到交点 P,QP,Q 的横坐标所满足的二次方程。利用根与系数关系求两根之和,从而求中点横坐标;中点仍在线 y=2x+cy=2x+c 上,据此消去参数 cc,得到过原点的直线方程。

答题过程

展开

Substituting y=2x+cy=2x+c into the ellipse gives

x2+9(2x+c)2=9,37x2+36cx+9c29=0.\begin{align*} x^2+9(2x+c)^2 =&\,9, \\ 37x^2+36cx+9c^2-9 =&\,0. \end{align*}

Let the xx-coordinates of PP and QQ be x1x_1 and x2x_2. By the sum of roots,

x1+x2=36c37.x_1+x_2=-\frac{36c}{37}.

If the midpoint is M=(X,Y)M=(X,Y), then

X=x1+x22=18c37.X=\frac{x_1+x_2}{2} =-\frac{18c}{37}.

Thus

c=37X18.c=-\frac{37X}{18}.

Since the midpoint of two points on a straight line also lies on that line,

Y=2X+c=2X37X18=X18.\begin{align*} Y =&\,2X+c \\ =&\,2X-\frac{37X}{18} \\ =&\,-\frac{X}{18}. \end{align*}

Relabelling the midpoint coordinates as (x,y)(x,y), the locus is

y=x18.\boxed{y=-\frac{x}{18}}.

This is a straight line passing through the origin, as required.