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IAL 2023 June FP3 Q4

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2023 June Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The plane Π1\Pi_1 contains the point A(2,4,5)A(2,4,-5) and is normal to the vector

(133)\begin{pmatrix} -1\\ 3\\ 3 \end{pmatrix}

The plane Π2\Pi_2 contains the point B(3,6,2)B(3,6,-2) and is normal to the vector

(205)\begin{pmatrix} 2\\ 0\\ -5 \end{pmatrix}

The line ll is the line of intersection of Π1\Pi_1 and Π2\Pi_2

(a) Determine a vector equation for ll.

The points CC and DD both lie on ll.

Given that CC and DD are 5 units apart,

(b) determine the exact volume of the tetrahedron ABCDABCD.

(12)
题目中文翻译

平面 Π1\Pi_1 经过点 A(2,4,5)A(2,4,-5),并且垂直于向量

(133)\begin{pmatrix} -1\\ 3\\ 3 \end{pmatrix}

平面 Π2\Pi_2 经过点 B(3,6,2)B(3,6,-2),并且垂直于向量

(205)\begin{pmatrix} 2\\ 0\\ -5 \end{pmatrix}

直线 llΠ1\Pi_1Π2\Pi_2 的交线

(a) 求 ll 的向量方程。

CCDD 都在 ll 上。

已知 CCDD 相距 5 个单位,

(b) 求四面体 ABCDABCD 的精确体积。

解答

(a)

解法一:联立两个平面方程

思路

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先由已知点和法向量分别写出两个平面的笛卡尔方程,再把其中一个坐标设为参数,联立求出另外两个坐标。这样可直接读出交线上的一点和方向向量。

答题过程

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The equations of the two planes are

Π1:x+3y+3z=2+1215=5,Π2:2x5z=6+10=16.\begin{align*} \Pi_1:\quad -x+3y+3z =&\,-2+12-15=-5, \\ \Pi_2:\quad 2x-5z =&\,6+10=16. \end{align*}

Let y=λy=\lambda. From 2x5z=162x-5z=16,

z=2x165.z=\frac{2x-16}{5}.

Substituting this into x+3y+3z=5-x+3y+3z=-5 gives

x+3λ+3(2x165)=5,5x+15λ+6x48=25,x=2315λ.\begin{align*} -x+3\lambda +3\biggl(\frac{2x-16}{5}\biggr) =&\,-5, \\ -5x+15\lambda+6x-48 =&\,-25, \\ x=&\,23-15\lambda. \end{align*}

Hence

z=2(2315λ)165=66λ.z=\frac{2(23-15\lambda)-16}{5} =6-6\lambda.

Therefore, a vector equation of ll is

r=(2306)+λ(1516),λR.\boxed{ \mathbf r= \begin{pmatrix} 23\\ 0\\ 6 \end{pmatrix} +\lambda \begin{pmatrix} -15\\ 1\\ -6 \end{pmatrix} }, \qquad \lambda\in\mathbb R.

解法二:叉积求方向向量

思路

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交线同时位于两个平面内,所以它的方向向量同时垂直于两个平面的法向量,可由两法向量的叉积得到。再令一个坐标为零,联立平面方程找出交线上的一点。

答题过程

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The equations of the planes are

x+3y+3z=5,2x5z=16.-x+3y+3z=-5, \qquad 2x-5z=16.

A direction vector of ll is perpendicular to both plane normals. Thus

(133)×(205)=(1516).\begin{align*} \begin{pmatrix} -1\\ 3\\ 3 \end{pmatrix} \times \begin{pmatrix} 2\\ 0\\ -5 \end{pmatrix} =&\, \begin{pmatrix} -15\\ 1\\ -6 \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

To find a point on ll, set z=0z=0. Then

2x=16x=8,2x=16 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad x=8,

and

8+3y=5y=1.-8+3y=-5 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad y=1.

Hence (8,1,0)(8,1,0) lies on ll, so

r=(810)+λ(1516),λR.\boxed{ \mathbf r= \begin{pmatrix} 8\\ 1\\ 0 \end{pmatrix} +\lambda \begin{pmatrix} -15\\ 1\\ -6 \end{pmatrix} }, \qquad \lambda\in\mathbb R.

(b)

解法一:标量三重积

思路

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取 (a) 中交线上的方便点作为 CC。先把交线方向向量缩放成长度为 5 的 CD\overrightarrow{CD},再用四面体体积公式,即三个棱向量标量三重积绝对值的六分之一。

答题过程

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Take C=(8,1,0)C=(8,1,0). The magnitude of the direction vector of ll is

(15)2+12+(6)2=262.\sqrt{(-15)^2+1^2+(-6)^2}=\sqrt{262}.

Since CC and DD are 5 units apart, we may take

CD=5262(1516).\overrightarrow{CD} =\frac{5}{\sqrt{262}} \begin{pmatrix} -15\\ 1\\ -6 \end{pmatrix}.

Also,

CA=(635),CB=(552).\overrightarrow{CA} = \begin{pmatrix} -6\\ 3\\ -5 \end{pmatrix}, \qquad \overrightarrow{CB} = \begin{pmatrix} -5\\ 5\\ -2 \end{pmatrix}.

Now

CA×CB=(191315).\overrightarrow{CA}\times\overrightarrow{CB} = \begin{pmatrix} 19\\ 13\\ -15 \end{pmatrix}.

Therefore, the volume VV of the tetrahedron is

V=16CD(CA×CB)=165262(1516)(191315)=165262(182)=4553262.\begin{align*} V =&\,\frac16 \left| \overrightarrow{CD}\mathbin{\boldsymbol{\cdot}} \bigl( \overrightarrow{CA}\times\overrightarrow{CB} \bigr) \right| \\ =&\,\frac16\left| \frac{5}{\sqrt{262}} \begin{pmatrix} -15\\ 1\\ -6 \end{pmatrix} \mathbin{\boldsymbol{\cdot}} \begin{pmatrix} 19\\ 13\\ -15 \end{pmatrix} \right| \\ =&\,\frac16\left| \frac{5}{\sqrt{262}}(-182) \right| \\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{455}{3\sqrt{262}}}. \end{align*}

解法二:三角形面积与垂直高度

思路

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ACD\triangle ACD 作为底面。它位于平面 Π1\Pi_1 内,面积可由叉积求出;四面体相对于这个底面的高,就是点 BB 到平面 Π1\Pi_1 的垂直距离。最后使用棱锥体积公式。

答题过程

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As in Method 1, take C=(8,1,0)C=(8,1,0) and

CD=5262(1516),CA=(635).\overrightarrow{CD} =\frac{5}{\sqrt{262}} \begin{pmatrix} -15\\ 1\\ -6 \end{pmatrix}, \qquad \overrightarrow{CA} = \begin{pmatrix} -6\\ 3\\ -5 \end{pmatrix}.

Since

(1516)×(635)=(133939),\begin{pmatrix} -15\\ 1\\ -6 \end{pmatrix} \times \begin{pmatrix} -6\\ 3\\ -5 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 13\\ -39\\ -39 \end{pmatrix},

the area of ACD\triangle ACD is

Area(ACD)=12CD×CA=125262132+(39)2+(39)2=65192262.\begin{align*} \operatorname{Area}(\triangle ACD) =&\,\frac12 \left| \overrightarrow{CD}\times\overrightarrow{CA} \right| \\ =&\,\frac12\cdot \frac{5}{\sqrt{262}} \sqrt{13^2+(-39)^2+(-39)^2} \\ =&\,\frac{65\sqrt{19}}{2\sqrt{262}}. \end{align*}

The plane Π1\Pi_1 has equation

x+3y+3z+5=0.-x+3y+3z+5=0.

Hence the perpendicular distance from B(3,6,2)B(3,6,-2) to Π1\Pi_1 is

h=3+186+5(1)2+32+32=1419.\begin{align*} h =&\,\frac{|-3+18-6+5|} {\sqrt{(-1)^2+3^2+3^2}} \\ =&\,\frac{14}{\sqrt{19}}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

V=13Area(ACD)h=13651922621419=4553262.\begin{align*} V =&\,\frac13 \operatorname{Area}(\triangle ACD)h \\ =&\,\frac13\cdot \frac{65\sqrt{19}}{2\sqrt{262}} \cdot\frac{14}{\sqrt{19}} \\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{455}{3\sqrt{262}}}. \end{align*}