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IAL 2023 June FP3 Q6

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2023 June Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

The ellipse EE has equation

x216+y29=1\frac{x^2}{16}+\frac{y^2}{9}=1

The point P(4cosθ,3sinθ)P(4\cos\theta,3\sin\theta) lies on EE.

(a) Use calculus to show that an equation of the tangent to EE at PP is

3xcosθ+4ysinθ=123x\cos\theta+4y\sin\theta=12

(b) Determine an equation for the normal to EE at PP.

The tangent to EE at PP meets the xx-axis at the point AA.

The normal to EE at PP meets the yy-axis at the point BB.

(c) Show that the locus of the midpoint of AA and BB as θ\theta varies has equation

x2(pqy2)=rx^2(p-qy^2)=r

where pp, qq and rr are integers to be determined.

(13)
题目中文翻译

椭圆 EE 的方程为

x216+y29=1\frac{x^2}{16}+\frac{y^2}{9}=1

P(4cosθ,3sinθ)P(4\cos\theta,3\sin\theta)EE 上。

(a) 用微积分证明 EE 在点 PP 处的切线方程为

3xcosθ+4ysinθ=123x\cos\theta+4y\sin\theta=12

(b) 求 EE 在点 PP 处的法线方程。

EE 在点 PP 处的切线与 xx 轴交于点 AA

EE 在点 PP 处的法线与 yy 轴交于点 BB

(c) 证明当 θ\theta 变化时,AABB 的中点的轨迹方程为

x2(pqy2)=rx^2(p-qy^2)=r

其中 ppqqrr 为待定整数。

解答

(a)

解法一:参数求导

思路

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xxyy 都看成 θ\theta 的函数,分别对 θ\theta 求导,再用 dydx=dy/dθdx/dθ\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\frac{\mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}x/\mathrm{d}\theta} 求切线斜率。代入点斜式后,利用 sin2θ+cos2θ=1\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta=1 自然推出指定方程。

答题过程

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Since

x=4cosθ,y=3sinθ,x=4\cos\theta, \qquad y=3\sin\theta,

we have

dxdθ=4sinθ,dydθ=3cosθ.\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}\theta} =-4\sin\theta, \qquad \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}\theta} =3\cos\theta.

Therefore,

dydx=3cosθ4sinθ=3cosθ4sinθ.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{3\cos\theta}{-4\sin\theta} =-\frac{3\cos\theta}{4\sin\theta}.

Using the point-slope form of the tangent at PP,

y3sinθ=3cosθ4sinθ(x4cosθ).y-3\sin\theta =-\frac{3\cos\theta}{4\sin\theta} \bigl(x-4\cos\theta\bigr).

Multiplying by 4sinθ4\sin\theta and rearranging,

4ysinθ12sin2θ=3xcosθ+12cos2θ,3xcosθ+4ysinθ=12(sin2θ+cos2θ)=12.\begin{align*} 4y\sin\theta-12\sin^2\theta =&\,-3x\cos\theta+12\cos^2\theta, \\ 3x\cos\theta+4y\sin\theta =&\,12\bigl(\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta\bigr) \\ =&\,12. \end{align*}

Hence the tangent has equation

3xcosθ+4ysinθ=12.\boxed{3x\cos\theta+4y\sin\theta=12}.

When sinθ=0\sin\theta=0, the tangent is vertical, and the boxed equation still gives the correct tangent x=4cosθx=4\cos\theta.

解法二:隐式求导

思路

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直接对椭圆方程关于 xx 求导,再把点 PP 的坐标代入导数,得到用 θ\theta 表示的切线斜率。随后代入点斜式并化简到题目指定形式。

答题过程

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Differentiating the equation of the ellipse implicitly,

x8+2y9dydx=0.\frac{x}{8} +\frac{2y}{9}\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =0.

Thus

dydx=9x16y.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =-\frac{9x}{16y}.

At P(4cosθ,3sinθ)P(4\cos\theta,3\sin\theta),

dydx=9(4cosθ)16(3sinθ)=3cosθ4sinθ.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =-\frac{9(4\cos\theta)}{16(3\sin\theta)} =-\frac{3\cos\theta}{4\sin\theta}.

Therefore,

y3sinθ=3cosθ4sinθ(x4cosθ).y-3\sin\theta =-\frac{3\cos\theta}{4\sin\theta} \bigl(x-4\cos\theta\bigr).

Multiplying through and using sin2θ+cos2θ=1\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta=1 gives

3xcosθ+4ysinθ=12.\boxed{3x\cos\theta+4y\sin\theta=12}.

The same equation also covers the vertical-tangent cases where sinθ=0\sin\theta=0.

(b)

解法一

思路

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法线斜率是切线斜率的负倒数。用点斜式写出经过 PP 的法线,再整理成不含分母的形式;所得方程也能涵盖水平或竖直法线的特殊位置。

答题过程

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The gradient of the normal is

mn=4sinθ3cosθ.m_{\mathrm n} =\frac{4\sin\theta}{3\cos\theta}.

Hence

y3sinθ=4sinθ3cosθ(x4cosθ).y-3\sin\theta =\frac{4\sin\theta}{3\cos\theta} \bigl(x-4\cos\theta\bigr).

Multiplying by 3cosθ3\cos\theta and rearranging gives

4xsinθ3ycosθ=7sinθcosθ.\boxed{ 4x\sin\theta-3y\cos\theta =7\sin\theta\cos\theta }.

(c)

解法一:使用正弦平方与余弦平方恒等式

思路

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分别令切线中的 y=0y=0、法线中的 x=0x=0,求出截点 AABB,继而写出中点坐标。为避免中点坐标与原椭圆坐标混淆,先记中点为 (X,Y)(X,Y);把 sinθ\sin\thetacosθ\cos\thetaX,YX,Y 表示后,代入平方和恒等式消去参数。

答题过程

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For the tangent, setting y=0y=0 gives

3xcosθ=12,3x\cos\theta=12,

so

A=(4secθ,0).A=\bigl(4\sec\theta,0\bigr).

For the normal, setting x=0x=0 gives

3ycosθ=7sinθcosθ,-3y\cos\theta =7\sin\theta\cos\theta,

so

B=(0,73sinθ).B=\biggl(0,-\frac73\sin\theta\biggr).

Let the midpoint of AA and BB be (X,Y)(X,Y). Then

X=2secθ,Y=76sinθ.X=2\sec\theta, \qquad Y=-\frac76\sin\theta.

Therefore,

cosθ=2X,sinθ=6Y7.\cos\theta=\frac2X, \qquad \sin\theta=-\frac{6Y}{7}.

Using sin2θ+cos2θ=1\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta=1,

(6Y7)2+(2X)2=1,36Y249+4X2=1,36X2Y2+196=49X2,X2(4936Y2)=196.\begin{align*} \biggl(-\frac{6Y}{7}\biggr)^2 +\biggl(\frac2X\biggr)^2 =&\,1, \\ \frac{36Y^2}{49}+\frac4{X^2} =&\,1, \\ 36X^2Y^2+196 =&\,49X^2, \\ X^2(49-36Y^2) =&\,196. \end{align*}

Relabelling the midpoint coordinates as (x,y)(x,y), its locus is

x2(4936y2)=196.\boxed{x^2(49-36y^2)=196}.

Hence

p=49,q=36,r=196.\boxed{p=49,\qquad q=36,\qquad r=196}.

解法二:使用正切与正割恒等式

思路

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仍先求出中点坐标,但这次把纵坐标改写成含 tanθ\tan\thetaXX 的式子,再利用 1+tan2θ=sec2θ1+\tan^2\theta=\sec^2\theta 消去参数。这是官方评分资料列出的另一条消参路线。

答题过程

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From the intercepts found above, the midpoint (X,Y)(X,Y) satisfies

X=2secθ,Y=76sinθ.X=2\sec\theta, \qquad Y=-\frac76\sin\theta.

Since sinθ=tanθ/secθ\sin\theta=\tan\theta/\sec\theta,

Y=7tanθ6secθ=7tanθ3X.Y =-\frac{7\tan\theta}{6\sec\theta} =-\frac{7\tan\theta}{3X}.

Thus

secθ=X2,tanθ=3XY7.\sec\theta=\frac X2, \qquad \tan\theta=-\frac{3XY}{7}.

Using 1+tan2θ=sec2θ1+\tan^2\theta=\sec^2\theta,

1+(3XY7)2=(X2)2,1+9X2Y249=X24,196+36X2Y2=49X2,X2(4936Y2)=196.\begin{align*} 1+\biggl(-\frac{3XY}{7}\biggr)^2 =&\,\biggl(\frac X2\biggr)^2, \\ 1+\frac{9X^2Y^2}{49} =&\,\frac{X^2}{4}, \\ 196+36X^2Y^2 =&\,49X^2, \\ X^2(49-36Y^2) =&\,196. \end{align*}

Therefore, writing the midpoint coordinates as (x,y)(x,y),

x2(4936y2)=196,\boxed{x^2(49-36y^2)=196},

so

p=49,q=36,r=196.\boxed{p=49,\qquad q=36,\qquad r=196}.