题目
Problem
T=23a32476bU=615−8−1ca−4−95
where a, b and c are constants.
Given that TU=I
(a) determine the value of a, the value of b and the value of c
The transformation represented by the matrix T transforms the line l1 to the line l2
Given that l2 has equation
3x−1=−4y=z+2
(b) determine a Cartesian equation for l1
(8)
题目中文翻译
T=23a32476bU=615−8−1ca−4−95
其中 a、b 和 c 为常数。
已知 TU=I
(a) 求 a、b 和 c 的值
由矩阵 T 表示的变换把直线 l1 变换为直线 l2
已知 l2 的方程为
3x−1=−4y=z+2
(b) 求 l1 的笛卡尔方程
解答
(a)
解法一:比较 TU 的元素
思路
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由 TU=I,矩阵乘积的非对角元素应为 0,对角元素应为 1。只挑选含有待定常数且计算最简洁的几个元素建立方程,无须把整个乘积全部展开。
答题过程
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Equating the (3,1) and (3,3) entries of TU to the corresponding entries of I gives
6a+60−8b=0,−4a−36+5b=1.
Thus
3a−4b=−30,−4a+5b=37.
Multiplying these equations by 4 and 3 respectively,
12a−16b=−120,−12a+15b=111.
Adding gives −b=−9, so b=9. Substitution then gives a=2.
Now equate the (1,2) entry of TU to 0:
−2+3c+7a=−2+3c+14=0,0,
so c=−4. Therefore,
a=2,b=9,c=−4.
解法二:利用 UT=I
思路
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T 与 U 都是方阵,而 TU=I,所以两者互为逆矩阵,也必有 UT=I。在这个乘法次序下,可以各选一个元素直接得到 a,b,c,计算明显更短。
答题过程
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Since T and U are square matrices and TU=I, we also have UT=I.
From the (1,1) entry,
12−3−4a=1,
so a=2.
From the (1,3) entry,
42−6−4b=0,
so b=9.
Finally, from the (2,2) entry,
45+2c−36=1,
so c=−4. Hence
a=2,b=9,c=−4.
(b)
解法一:用逆变换求原直线
思路
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先把 l2 写成向量参数式。由于 T 把 l1 变换到 l2,而 U=T−1,所以用 U 分别变换 l2 的位置向量和方向向量,即可得到 l1。
答题过程
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The line l2 has vector equation
r2=10−2+λ3−41.
From part (a),
U=T−1=615−8−1−42−4−95.
Since r2=Tr1, it follows that r1=Ur2. The position vector transforms as
U10−2==6+815+18−8−101433−18.
The direction vector transforms as
U3−41==18+4−445+16−9−24−8+51852−27.
Therefore,
r1=+1433−18λ1852−27.
so a Cartesian equation for l1 is
18x−14=52y−33=−27z+18.
解法二:联立变换方程
思路
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不用显式应用逆矩阵,而是设 l1 上一点为 (x,y,z),令它经过 T 变换后等于 l2 的参数式。比较三个分量并联立求解,同样可得到 l1 的参数方程。
答题过程
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Let (x,y,z) be a point on l1. Its image lies on l2, so
Txyz=1+3λ−4λ−2+λ.
Hence
2x+3y+7z=3x+2y+6z=2x+4y+9z=1+3λ,−4λ,−2+λ.
Subtracting the third equation from the first gives
y+2z=−3−2λ.
Subtracting the first equation from the second gives
x−y−z=−1−7λ.
Therefore,
y=−3−2λ−2z,x=−4−9λ−z.
Substituting these into the third equation,
−20−26λ−z=2(−4−9λ−z)+4(−3−2λ−2z)+9z=−2+λ,−2+λ,
so
z=−18−27λ.
It follows that
x=14+18λ,y=33+52λ.
Thus
r1=+1433−18λ1852−27.
and hence
18x−14=52y−33=−27z+18.