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IAL 2024 Jan FP3 Q2

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

T=(237326a4b)U=(61415c98a5)T=\begin{pmatrix} 2&3&7\\ 3&2&6\\ a&4&b \end{pmatrix} \qquad U=\begin{pmatrix} 6&-1&-4\\ 15&c&-9\\ -8&a&5 \end{pmatrix}

where aa, bb and cc are constants.

Given that TU=ITU=I

(a) determine the value of aa, the value of bb and the value of cc

The transformation represented by the matrix TT transforms the line l1l_1 to the line l2l_2

Given that l2l_2 has equation

x13=y4=z+2\frac{x-1}{3}=\frac{y}{-4}=z+2

(b) determine a Cartesian equation for l1l_1

(8)
题目中文翻译 T=(237326a4b)U=(61415c98a5)T=\begin{pmatrix} 2&3&7\\ 3&2&6\\ a&4&b \end{pmatrix} \qquad U=\begin{pmatrix} 6&-1&-4\\ 15&c&-9\\ -8&a&5 \end{pmatrix}

其中 aabbcc 为常数。

已知 TU=ITU=I

(a) 求 aabbcc 的值

由矩阵 TT 表示的变换把直线 l1l_1 变换为直线 l2l_2

已知 l2l_2 的方程为

x13=y4=z+2\frac{x-1}{3}=\frac{y}{-4}=z+2

(b) 求 l1l_1 的笛卡尔方程

解答

(a)

解法一:比较 TUTU 的元素

思路

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TU=ITU=I,矩阵乘积的非对角元素应为 00,对角元素应为 11。只挑选含有待定常数且计算最简洁的几个元素建立方程,无须把整个乘积全部展开。

答题过程

展开

Equating the (3,1)(3,1) and (3,3)(3,3) entries of TUTU to the corresponding entries of II gives

6a+608b=0,4a36+5b=1.6a+60-8b=0, \qquad -4a-36+5b=1.

Thus

3a4b=30,4a+5b=37.3a-4b=-30, \qquad -4a+5b=37.

Multiplying these equations by 44 and 33 respectively,

12a16b=120,12a+15b=111.12a-16b=-120, \qquad -12a+15b=111.

Adding gives b=9-b=-9, so b=9b=9. Substitution then gives a=2a=2.

Now equate the (1,2)(1,2) entry of TUTU to 00:

2+3c+7a=0,2+3c+14=0,\begin{align*} -2+3c+7a=&\,0, \\ -2+3c+14=&\,0, \end{align*}

so c=4c=-4. Therefore,

a=2,b=9,c=4.\boxed{a=2,\qquad b=9,\qquad c=-4}.

解法二:利用 UT=IUT=I

思路

展开

TTUU 都是方阵,而 TU=ITU=I,所以两者互为逆矩阵,也必有 UT=IUT=I。在这个乘法次序下,可以各选一个元素直接得到 a,b,ca,b,c,计算明显更短。

答题过程

展开

Since TT and UU are square matrices and TU=ITU=I, we also have UT=IUT=I.

From the (1,1)(1,1) entry,

1234a=1,12-3-4a=1,

so a=2a=2.

From the (1,3)(1,3) entry,

4264b=0,42-6-4b=0,

so b=9b=9.

Finally, from the (2,2)(2,2) entry,

45+2c36=1,45+2c-36=1,

so c=4c=-4. Hence

a=2,b=9,c=4.\boxed{a=2,\qquad b=9,\qquad c=-4}.

(b)

解法一:用逆变换求原直线

思路

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先把 l2l_2 写成向量参数式。由于 TTl1l_1 变换到 l2l_2,而 U=T1U=T^{-1},所以用 UU 分别变换 l2l_2 的位置向量和方向向量,即可得到 l1l_1

答题过程

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The line l2l_2 has vector equation

r2=(102)+λ(341).\mathbf r_2= \begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-2\end{pmatrix} +\lambda \begin{pmatrix}3\\-4\\1\end{pmatrix}.

From part (a),

U=T1=(6141549825).U=T^{-1}= \begin{pmatrix} 6&-1&-4\\ 15&-4&-9\\ -8&2&5 \end{pmatrix}.

Since r2=Tr1\mathbf r_2=T\mathbf r_1, it follows that r1=Ur2\mathbf r_1=U\mathbf r_2. The position vector transforms as

U(102)=(6+815+18810)=(143318).\begin{align*} U\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-2\end{pmatrix} =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 6+8\\ 15+18\\ -8-10 \end{pmatrix} \\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}14\\33\\-18\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

The direction vector transforms as

U(341)=(18+4445+169248+5)=(185227).\begin{align*} U\begin{pmatrix}3\\-4\\1\end{pmatrix} =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 18+4-4\\ 45+16-9\\ -24-8+5 \end{pmatrix} \\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}18\\52\\-27\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

r1=(143318)+λ(185227).\begin{align*} \mathbf r_1 =&\,\begin{pmatrix}14\\33\\-18\end{pmatrix} \\ +&\,\lambda \begin{pmatrix}18\\52\\-27\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

so a Cartesian equation for l1l_1 is

x1418=y3352=z+1827.\boxed{ \frac{x-14}{18} =\frac{y-33}{52} =\frac{z+18}{-27} }.

解法二:联立变换方程

思路

展开

不用显式应用逆矩阵,而是设 l1l_1 上一点为 (x,y,z)(x,y,z),令它经过 TT 变换后等于 l2l_2 的参数式。比较三个分量并联立求解,同样可得到 l1l_1 的参数方程。

答题过程

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Let (x,y,z)(x,y,z) be a point on l1l_1. Its image lies on l2l_2, so

T(xyz)=(1+3λ4λ2+λ).T\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1+3\lambda\\ -4\lambda\\ -2+\lambda \end{pmatrix}.

Hence

2x+3y+7z=1+3λ,3x+2y+6z=4λ,2x+4y+9z=2+λ.\begin{align*} 2x+3y+7z=&\,1+3\lambda, \\ 3x+2y+6z=&\,-4\lambda, \\ 2x+4y+9z=&\,-2+\lambda. \end{align*}

Subtracting the third equation from the first gives

y+2z=32λ.y+2z=-3-2\lambda.

Subtracting the first equation from the second gives

xyz=17λ.x-y-z=-1-7\lambda.

Therefore,

y=32λ2z,x=49λz.y=-3-2\lambda-2z, \qquad x=-4-9\lambda-z.

Substituting these into the third equation,

2(49λz)+4(32λ2z)+9z=2+λ,2026λz=2+λ,\begin{align*} &\,2(-4-9\lambda-z) \\ &\,+4(-3-2\lambda-2z)+9z=-2+\lambda, \\ -20-26\lambda-z=&\,-2+\lambda, \end{align*}

so

z=1827λ.z=-18-27\lambda.

It follows that

x=14+18λ,y=33+52λ.x=14+18\lambda, \qquad y=33+52\lambda.

Thus

r1=(143318)+λ(185227).\begin{align*} \mathbf r_1 =&\,\begin{pmatrix}14\\33\\-18\end{pmatrix} \\ +&\,\lambda \begin{pmatrix}18\\52\\-27\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

and hence

x1418=y3352=z+1827.\boxed{ \frac{x-14}{18} =\frac{y-33}{52} =\frac{z+18}{-27} }.