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IAL 2024 Jan FP3 Q5

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

(a) Use the definitions of hyperbolic functions in terms of exponentials to prove that

1sech2xtanh2x1-\operatorname{sech}^2x\equiv \tanh^2x In=013ln2tanhn(3x)dxnZ, n0I_n=\int_0^{\frac13\ln2}\tanh^n(3x)\,dx \qquad n\in\mathbb Z,\ n\ge 0

(b) Show that

In=In2pn13(n1)n2I_n=I_{n-2}-\frac{p^{\,n-1}}{3(n-1)} \qquad n\ge 2

where pp is a rational number to be determined.

(c) Hence determine the exact value of

013ln2tanh5(3x)dx\int_0^{\frac13\ln2}\tanh^5(3x)\,dx

giving your answer in the form alnb+ca\ln b+c where aa, bb and cc are rational numbers to be found.

(11)
题目中文翻译

(a) 利用指数形式的双曲函数定义证明

1sech2xtanh2x1-\operatorname{sech}^2x\equiv \tanh^2x In=013ln2tanhn(3x)dxnZ, n0I_n=\int_0^{\frac13\ln2}\tanh^n(3x)\,dx \qquad n\in\mathbb Z,\ n\ge 0

(b) 证明

In=In2pn13(n1)n2I_n=I_{n-2}-\frac{p^{\,n-1}}{3(n-1)} \qquad n\ge 2

其中 pp 为待定有理数。

(c) 因此求

013ln2tanh5(3x)dx\int_0^{\frac13\ln2}\tanh^5(3x)\,dx

的精确值,答案写成 alnb+ca\ln b+c 的形式,其中 aabbcc 为待定有理数。

解答

(a)

解法一:从左边直接化简

思路

展开

sechx\operatorname{sech}x 写成指数形式并通分。分子展开后恰好是 (exex)2(e^x-e^{-x})^2,因而整个分式就是 tanh2x\tanh^2x

答题过程

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Using

sechx=2ex+ex,\operatorname{sech}x=\frac{2}{e^x+e^{-x}},

we have

1sech2x=14(ex+ex)2=(ex+ex)24(ex+ex)2=e2x2+e2x(ex+ex)2=(exex)2(ex+ex)2=(exexex+ex)2=tanh2x.\begin{align*} 1-\operatorname{sech}^2x =&\,1-\frac{4}{(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\ =&\,\frac{(e^x+e^{-x})^2-4} {(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\ =&\,\frac{e^{2x}-2+e^{-2x}} {(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\ =&\,\frac{(e^x-e^{-x})^2} {(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\ =&\,\biggl( \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}} \biggr)^2 \\ =&\,\tanh^2x. \end{align*}

Hence

1sech2xtanh2x.\boxed{1-\operatorname{sech}^2x\equiv\tanh^2x}.

解法二:使用平方差

思路

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先把 1sech2x1-\operatorname{sech}^2x 分解成平方差,再分别代入 sechx\operatorname{sech}x 的指数定义。两个分子的乘积可再次用平方差合并。

答题过程

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By the difference of two squares,

1sech2x=(1+sechx)(1sechx)=(1+2ex+ex)(12ex+ex)=ex+ex+2ex+exex+ex2ex+ex=(ex+ex)24(ex+ex)2=(exex)2(ex+ex)2=tanh2x.\begin{align*} 1-\operatorname{sech}^2x =&\,(1+\operatorname{sech}x) (1-\operatorname{sech}x) \\ =&\,\biggl(1+\frac{2}{e^x+e^{-x}}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{2}{e^x+e^{-x}}\biggr) \\ =&\,\frac{e^x+e^{-x}+2}{e^x+e^{-x}} \\ \cdot&\,\frac{e^x+e^{-x}-2}{e^x+e^{-x}} \\ =&\,\frac{(e^x+e^{-x})^2-4} {(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\ =&\,\frac{(e^x-e^{-x})^2} {(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\ =&\,\tanh^2x. \end{align*}

Therefore,

1sech2xtanh2x.\boxed{1-\operatorname{sech}^2x\equiv\tanh^2x}.

解法三:从右边化简

思路

展开

tanh2x\tanh^2x 的指数定义出发,把分子 (exex)2(e^x-e^{-x})^2 改写成分母 (ex+ex)2(e^x+e^{-x})^2 减去 44,便能拆成 1sech2x1-\operatorname{sech}^2x

答题过程

展开

Using the exponential definition of tanhx\tanh x,

tanh2x=(exex)2(ex+ex)2=(ex+ex)24(ex+ex)2=1(2ex+ex)2=1sech2x.\begin{align*} \tanh^2x =&\,\frac{(e^x-e^{-x})^2} {(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\ =&\,\frac{(e^x+e^{-x})^2-4} {(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\ =&\,1-\biggl( \frac{2}{e^x+e^{-x}} \biggr)^2 \\ =&\,1-\operatorname{sech}^2x. \end{align*}

Thus

1sech2xtanh2x.\boxed{1-\operatorname{sech}^2x\equiv\tanh^2x}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

tanhn(3x)\tanh^n(3x) 中拆出 tanh2(3x)\tanh^2(3x),再使用 (a) 的恒等式。第一项成为 In2I_{n-2};第二项令 u=tanh(3x)u=\tanh(3x) 后可以直接积分。最后用指数定义精确计算上限处的双曲正切值,从而确定 pp

答题过程

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Let

L=13ln2.L=\frac13\ln2.

For n2n\geqslant2, use the identity from part (a):

In=0Ltanhn2(3x)tanh2(3x)dx=0Ltanhn2(3x)dx0Ltanhn2(3x)sech2(3x)dx=In20Ltanhn2(3x)sech2(3x)dx.\begin{align*} I_n =&\,\int_0^L \tanh^{n-2}(3x)\tanh^2(3x)\,\mathrm{d}x \\ =&\,\int_0^L \tanh^{n-2}(3x)\,\mathrm{d}x \\ -&\,\int_0^L \tanh^{n-2}(3x)\operatorname{sech}^2(3x) \,\mathrm{d}x \\ =&\,I_{n-2} \\ -&\,\int_0^L \tanh^{n-2}(3x)\operatorname{sech}^2(3x) \,\mathrm{d}x. \end{align*}

Let u=tanh(3x)u=\tanh(3x). Then

du=3sech2(3x)dx,\mathrm{d}u =3\operatorname{sech}^2(3x)\,\mathrm{d}x,

so

tanhn2(3x)sech2(3x)dx=13un2du=un13(n1)=tanhn1(3x)3(n1).\begin{align*} \int\tanh^{n-2}(3x) \operatorname{sech}^2(3x)\,\mathrm{d}x =&\,\frac13\int u^{n-2}\,\mathrm{d}u \\ =&\,\frac{u^{n-1}}{3(n-1)} \\ =&\,\frac{\tanh^{n-1}(3x)}{3(n-1)}. \end{align*}

At the upper limit, 3L=ln23L=\ln2, and

tanh(ln2)=eln2eln2eln2+eln2=2122+12=35,\begin{align*} \tanh(\ln2) =&\,\frac{e^{\ln2}-e^{-\ln2}} {e^{\ln2}+e^{-\ln2}} \\ =&\,\frac{2-\frac12}{2+\frac12} \\ =&\,\frac35, \end{align*}

while tanh0=0\tanh0=0. Therefore,

In=In213(n1)[tanhn1(3x)]0L=In2(3/5)n13(n1).\begin{align*} I_n =&\,I_{n-2} \\ -&\,\frac{1}{3(n-1)} \biggl[ \tanh^{n-1}(3x) \biggr]_0^L \\ =&\,I_{n-2} -\frac{(3/5)^{n-1}}{3(n-1)}. \end{align*}

Thus the required recurrence relation is

In=In2pn13(n1)\boxed{ I_n=I_{n-2}-\frac{p^{\,n-1}}{3(n-1)} }

where

p=35.\boxed{p=\frac35}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

本小题必须承接 (b):先用递推式把 I5I_5 化成 I3I_3,再把 I3I_3 化成 I1I_1。最后直接积分 I1I_1,并用 cosh(ln2)=5/4\cosh(\ln2)=5/4 求出对数项。

答题过程

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Using the reduction formula from part (b),

I5=I3(3/5)43(51),I3=I1(3/5)23(31).\begin{align*} I_5 =&\,I_3-\frac{(3/5)^4}{3(5-1)}, \\ I_3 =&\,I_1-\frac{(3/5)^2}{3(3-1)}. \end{align*}

Hence

I5=I1(3/5)26(3/5)412.\begin{align*} I_5 =&\,I_1-\frac{(3/5)^2}{6} \\ -&\,\frac{(3/5)^4}{12}. \end{align*}

Also,

I1=0Ltanh(3x)dx=13[ln(cosh3x)]0L=13ln(cosh(ln2)).\begin{align*} I_1 =&\,\int_0^L\tanh(3x)\,\mathrm{d}x \\ =&\,\frac13 \bigl[\ln(\cosh3x)\bigr]_0^L \\ =&\,\frac13\ln\bigl(\cosh(\ln2)\bigr). \end{align*}

Since

cosh(ln2)=eln2+eln22=2+122=54.\begin{align*} \cosh(\ln2) =&\,\frac{e^{\ln2}+e^{-\ln2}}{2} \\ =&\,\frac{2+\frac12}{2} \\ =&\,\frac54. \end{align*}

we obtain

I5=13ln549150817500=13ln541772500.\begin{align*} I_5 =&\,\frac13\ln\frac54 -\frac{9}{150}-\frac{81}{7500} \\ =&\,\frac13\ln\frac54-\frac{177}{2500}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

13ln541772500.\boxed{ \frac13\ln\frac54-\frac{177}{2500} }.

Thus a=13a=\frac13, b=54b=\frac54 and c=1772500c=-\frac{177}{2500}.