题目
Problem
In this question you must show all stages of your working.
Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.
M=2000−4−43−30
Given that M has exactly two distinct eigenvalues λ1 and λ2 where λ1<λ2
(a) determine a normalised eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue λ1
The line l1 has equation
r=4−10+μ20−1,
where μ is a scalar parameter.
The transformation T is represented by M.
The line l1 is transformed by T to the line l2
(b) Determine a vector equation for l2, giving your answer in the form r×b=c where b and c are constant vectors.
(9)
题目中文翻译
本题中你必须写出所有解题步骤。
完全依赖计算器技术的解法不予接受。
M=2000−4−43−30
已知 M 恰有两个不同的特征值 λ1 和 λ2,且 λ1<λ2
(a) 求对应于特征值 λ1 的单位特征向量
直线 l1 的方程为
r=4−10+μ20−1,
其中 μ 为标量参数。
变换 T 由矩阵 M 表示。
直线 l1 经 T 变换后得到直线 l2
(b) 求 l2 的向量方程,答案写成 r×b=c 的形式,其中 b 和 c 为常向量。
解答
(a)
解法一:使用特征方程
思路
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先计算特征多项式并找出两个不同的特征值。由于 λ1<λ2,取较小的 −6;随后解 (M+6I)v=0,最后把所得特征向量除以其模长。
答题过程
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The characteristic equation is
det(M−λI)===2−λ000−4−λ−43−3−λ(2−λ)[λ(4+λ)−12](2−λ)(λ−2)(λ+6)=0.
Thus the two distinct eigenvalues are −6 and 2, so
λ1=−6.
Let v=(x,y,z)T be an eigenvector corresponding to
λ1. From (M+6I)v=0,
8x+3z=2y−3z=−4y+6z=0,0,0.
Taking z=8 gives x=−3 and y=12. Hence one eigenvector is
v=−3128.
Its magnitude is
∣v∣=(−3)2+122+82=217.
Therefore, a normalised eigenvector corresponding to λ1 is
2171−3128.
解法二:直接使用特征向量方程
思路
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不展开三阶行列式,而是直接写出 Mv=λv 的三个分量方程。由后两个方程消去 y,即可得到关于 λ 的二次方程;再处理 z=0 的情形,便能完整确定两个不同的特征值。
答题过程
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Let v=(x,y,z)T be a non-zero eigenvector. The equation
Mv=λv gives
2x+3z=−4y−3z=−4y=λx,λy,λz.
If z=0, the third equation gives y=0. Since v is non-zero,
x=0, and the first equation then gives λ=2.
If z=0, the third equation gives
y=−4λz.
Substituting this into the second equation,
λz−3z=λ2+4λ−12=(λ−2)(λ+6)=−4λ2z,0,0.
Hence the two distinct eigenvalues are −6 and 2, so λ1=−6.
Substituting λ=−6 into the component equations gives
8x+3z=0,2y−3z=0.
Taking z=8 gives the eigenvector
−3128.
Therefore, after normalising, one suitable answer is
2171−3128.
(b)
解法一:分别变换位置向量和方向向量
思路
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线性变换会把直线上的位置向量和方向向量分别左乘 M。得到 l2 的一点和方向后,利用恒等式“直线上任一点的位置向量与方向向量的叉积为常向量”,即可写成题目指定的形式。
答题过程
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Under the transformation represented by M, the position vector becomes
M4−10=844,
and the direction vector becomes
M20−1=130.
Thus l2 may first be written as
r=844+μ130.
Taking the cross product with its direction vector,
r×130==844×130−12420.
Therefore,
r×130=−12420.
解法二:变换直线上的两个点
思路
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在 l1 上分别取 μ=0 和 μ=1 所得的两点,将它们都作矩阵变换。两幅像之差就是 l2 的方向向量,再用其中一点写出叉积形式。
答题过程
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Two points on l1, obtained by taking μ=0 and μ=1, are
P=4−10andQ=6−1−1.
Their images under T are
P′=MP=844,Q′=MQ=974.
Hence a direction vector of l2 is
Q′−P′=130.
Using the point P′,
r×130==844×130−12420.
Therefore,
r×130=−12420.