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FP3 2024 June Q2

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2024 June Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

M=(2030−4−30−40)M=\begin{pmatrix} 2&0&3\\ 0&-4&-3\\ 0&-4&0 \end{pmatrix}

Given that MM has exactly two distinct eigenvalues λ1\lambda_1 and λ2\lambda_2 where λ1<λ2\lambda_1 < \lambda_2

(a) determine a normalised eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue λ1\lambda_1

(6)

The line l1l_1 has equation

r=(4−10)+μ(20−1),\mathbf r=\begin{pmatrix}4\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix}+\mu\begin{pmatrix}2\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix},

where μ\mu is a scalar parameter.

The transformation TT is represented by MM.

The line l1l_1 is transformed by TT to the line l2l_2

(b) Determine a vector equation for l2l_2, giving your answer in the form r×b=c\mathbf r\times\mathbf b=\mathbf c where b\mathbf b and c\mathbf c are constant vectors.

(3)
题目中文翻译

2.

本题中你必须写出所有解题步骤。

完全依赖计算器技术的解法不予接受。

M=(2030−4−30−40)M=\begin{pmatrix} 2&0&3\\ 0&-4&-3\\ 0&-4&0 \end{pmatrix}

已知 MM 恰有两个不同的特征值 λ1\lambda_1 和 λ2\lambda_2,且 λ1<λ2\lambda_1<\lambda_2

(a) 求对应于特征值 λ1\lambda_1 的单位特征向量

(6)

直线 l1l_1 的方程为

r=(4−10)+μ(20−1),\mathbf r=\begin{pmatrix}4\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix}+\mu\begin{pmatrix}2\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix},

其中 μ\mu 为标量参数。

变换 TT 由矩阵 MM 表示。

直线 l1l_1 经 TT 变换后得到直线 l2l_2

(b) 求 l2l_2 的向量方程,答案写成 r×b=c\mathbf r\times\mathbf b=\mathbf c 的形式,其中 b\mathbf b 和 c\mathbf c 为常向量。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一:使用特征方程

思路

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先计算特征多项式并找出两个不同的特征值。由于 λ1<λ2\lambda_1<\lambda_2,取较小的 −6-6;随后解 (M+6I)v=0(M+6I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0,最后把所得特征向量除以其模长。

答题过程

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The characteristic equation is

det⁡(M−λI)= ∣2−λ030−4−λ−30−4−λ∣= (2−λ)[λ(4+λ)−12]= (2−λ)(λ−2)(λ+6)=0.\begin{align*} \det(M-\lambda I) =&\, \begin{vmatrix} 2-\lambda&0&3\\ 0&-4-\lambda&-3\\ 0&-4&-\lambda \end{vmatrix} \\ =&\,(2-\lambda) \bigl[\lambda(4+\lambda)-12\bigr] \\ =&\,(2-\lambda)(\lambda-2)(\lambda+6)=0. \end{align*}

Thus the two distinct eigenvalues are −6-6 and 22, so

λ1=−6.\lambda_1=-6.

Let v=(x,y,z)T\mathbf v=(x,y,z)^{\mathsf T} be an eigenvector corresponding to λ1\lambda_1. From (M+6I)v=0(M+6I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0,

8x+3z= 0,2y−3z= 0,−4y+6z= 0.\begin{align*} 8x+3z=&\,0, \\ 2y-3z=&\,0, \\ -4y+6z=&\,0. \end{align*}

Taking z=8z=8 gives x=−3x=-3 and y=12y=12. Hence one eigenvector is

v=(−3128).\mathbf v=\begin{pmatrix}-3\\12\\8\end{pmatrix}.

Its magnitude is

∣v∣=(−3)2+122+82=217.|\mathbf v|=\sqrt{(-3)^2+12^2+8^2}=\sqrt{217}.

Therefore, a normalised eigenvector corresponding to λ1\lambda_1 is

1217(−3128).\boxed{ \frac{1}{\sqrt{217}} \begin{pmatrix}-3\\12\\8\end{pmatrix} }.

解法二:直接使用特征向量方程

思路

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不展开三阶行列式,而是直接写出 Mv=λvM\mathbf v=\lambda\mathbf v 的三个分量方程。由后两个方程消去 yy,即可得到关于 λ\lambda 的二次方程;再处理 z=0z=0 的情形,便能完整确定两个不同的特征值。

答题过程

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Let v=(x,y,z)T\mathbf v=(x,y,z)^{\mathsf T} be a non-zero eigenvector. The equation Mv=λvM\mathbf v=\lambda\mathbf v gives

2x+3z= λx,−4y−3z= λy,−4y= λz.\begin{align*} 2x+3z=&\,\lambda x, \\ -4y-3z=&\,\lambda y, \\ -4y=&\,\lambda z. \end{align*}

If z=0z=0, the third equation gives y=0y=0. Since v\mathbf v is non-zero, x≠0x\ne0, and the first equation then gives λ=2\lambda=2.

If z≠0z\ne0, the third equation gives

y=−λz4.y=-\frac{\lambda z}{4}.

Substituting this into the second equation,

λz−3z= −λ2z4,λ2+4λ−12= 0,(λ−2)(λ+6)= 0.\begin{align*} \lambda z-3z=&\,-\frac{\lambda^2z}{4}, \\ \lambda^2+4\lambda-12=&\,0, \\ (\lambda-2)(\lambda+6)=&\,0. \end{align*}

Hence the two distinct eigenvalues are −6-6 and 22, so λ1=−6\lambda_1=-6. Substituting λ=−6\lambda=-6 into the component equations gives

8x+3z=0,2y−3z=0.8x+3z=0, \qquad 2y-3z=0.

Taking z=8z=8 gives the eigenvector

(−3128).\begin{pmatrix}-3\\12\\8\end{pmatrix}.

Therefore, after normalising, one suitable answer is

1217(−3128).\boxed{ \frac{1}{\sqrt{217}} \begin{pmatrix}-3\\12\\8\end{pmatrix} }.

解法三:叉乘矩阵的行向量

思路

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由特征方程已知 λ1=−6\lambda_1=-6。特征向量须与 M+6IM+6I 的每一行垂直,因此可以叉乘其中两条不平行的行向量,再检查第三行并归一化。

答题过程

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From the characteristic equation, λ1=−6\lambda_1=-6. Thus an eigenvector v\mathbf v satisfies (M+6I)v=0(M+6I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0, where

M+6I=(80302−30−46).M+6I=\begin{pmatrix}8&0&3\\0&2&-3\\0&-4&6\end{pmatrix}.

The first two rows are not parallel. A vector perpendicular to both is

(8,0,3)×(0,2,−3)= (0(−3)−3(2), 3(0)−8(−3), 8(2)−0(0))= (−6,24,16)= 2(−3,12,8).\begin{align*} (8,0,3)\times(0,2,-3) =&\,\bigl(0(-3)-3(2),\,3(0)-8(-3),\,8(2)-0(0)\bigr)\\ =&\,(-6,24,16)\\ =&\,2(-3,12,8). \end{align*}

The third row also has zero dot product with (−3,12,8)(-3,12,8), since −4(12)+6(8)=0-4(12)+6(8)=0. Therefore, dividing by its magnitude 9+144+64=217\sqrt{9+144+64}=\sqrt{217} gives

1217(−3128).\boxed{\frac1{\sqrt{217}}\begin{pmatrix}-3\\12\\8\end{pmatrix}}.

(b)

解法一:分别变换位置向量和方向向量

思路

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线性变换会把直线上的位置向量和方向向量分别左乘 MM。得到 l2l_2 的一点和方向后,利用恒等式“直线上任一点的位置向量与方向向量的叉积为常向量”,即可写成题目指定的形式。

答题过程

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Under the transformation represented by MM, the position vector becomes

M(4−10)=(844),M\begin{pmatrix}4\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}8\\4\\4\end{pmatrix},

and the direction vector becomes

M(20−1)=(130).M\begin{pmatrix}2\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix}.

Thus l2l_2 may first be written as

r=(844)+μ(130).\mathbf r =\begin{pmatrix}8\\4\\4\end{pmatrix} +\mu\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix}.

Taking the cross product with its direction vector,

r×(130)= (844)×(130)= (4(0)−4(3)4(1)−8(0)8(3)−4(1))= (−12420).\begin{align*} \mathbf r\times\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix} =&\, \begin{pmatrix}8\\4\\4\end{pmatrix} \times\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix} \\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}4(0)-4(3)\\4(1)-8(0)\\8(3)-4(1)\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}-12\\4\\20\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

r×(130)=(−12420).\boxed{ \mathbf r\times\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}-12\\4\\20\end{pmatrix} }.

解法二:变换直线上的两个点

思路

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在 l1l_1 上分别取 μ=0\mu=0 和 μ=1\mu=1 所得的两点,将它们都作矩阵变换。两幅像之差就是 l2l_2 的方向向量,再用其中一点写出叉积形式。

答题过程

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Two points on l1l_1, obtained by taking μ=0\mu=0 and μ=1\mu=1, are

P=(4−10)andQ=(6−1−1).P=\begin{pmatrix}4\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix} \quad\text{and}\quad Q=\begin{pmatrix}6\\-1\\-1\end{pmatrix}.

Their images under TT are

P′=MP=(844),Q′=MQ=(974).P'=MP=\begin{pmatrix}8\\4\\4\end{pmatrix}, \qquad Q'=MQ=\begin{pmatrix}9\\7\\4\end{pmatrix}.

Hence a direction vector of l2l_2 is

Q′−P′=(130).Q'-P'=\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix}.

Using the point P′P',

r×(130)= (844)×(130)= (4(0)−4(3)4(1)−8(0)8(3)−4(1))= (−12420).\begin{align*} \mathbf r\times\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix} =&\, \begin{pmatrix}8\\4\\4\end{pmatrix} \times\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix} \\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}4(0)-4(3)\\4(1)-8(0)\\8(3)-4(1)\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}-12\\4\\20\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

r×(130)=(−12420).\boxed{ \mathbf r\times\begin{pmatrix}1\\3\\0\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}-12\\4\\20\end{pmatrix} }.