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IAL 2024 June FP3 Q3

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2024 June Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

y=arsinh(x21)x>1y=\operatorname{arsinh}\left(\sqrt{x^2-1}\right)\qquad x>1

(a) Prove that

dydx=1x21\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}

(b) Determine the exact values of xx for which f(x)=0f'(x)=0, where

f(x)=13arsinh(x21)arctanxx>1f(x)=\frac13\operatorname{arsinh}\left(\sqrt{x^2-1}\right)-\arctan x \qquad x>1
(7)
题目中文翻译 y=arsinh(x21)x>1y=\operatorname{arsinh}\left(\sqrt{x^2-1}\right)\qquad x>1

(a) 证明

dydx=1x21\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}

(b) 求使 f(x)=0f'(x)=0xx 的精确值,其中

f(x)=13arsinh(x21)arctanxx>1f(x)=\frac13\operatorname{arsinh}\left(\sqrt{x^2-1}\right)-\arctan x \qquad x>1

解答

(a)

解法一:使用反双曲正弦的导数公式

思路

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x21\sqrt{x^2-1} 视为内层函数,直接使用 arsinhu\operatorname{arsinh}u 的求导公式。化简时必须利用 x>1x>1,从而把 x2\sqrt{x^2} 写成 xx 而不是遗漏绝对值。

答题过程

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Let

u=x21.u=\sqrt{x^2-1}.

Then

dudx=xx21.\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}.

Using

ddu(arsinhu)=11+u2,\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}u} \bigl(\operatorname{arsinh}u\bigr) =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+u^2}},

we obtain

dydx=11+x21xx21=1x2xx21.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2-1}} \cdot\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}} \\ =&\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2}} \cdot\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}. \end{align*}

Since x>1x>1, x2=x\sqrt{x^2}=x. Therefore,

dydx=1x21.\boxed{ \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}} }.

解法二:隐式求导

思路

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对等式两边取 sinh\sinh,再作隐式求导。双曲恒等式可把 coshy\cosh y 化为 xx;其中 coshy>0\cosh y>0x>1x>1,因此取正根。

答题过程

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Taking sinh\sinh of both sides gives

sinhy=x21.\sinh y=\sqrt{x^2-1}.

Differentiating implicitly,

coshydydx=xx21.\cosh y\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}.

Also, using cosh2ysinh2y=1\cosh^2y-\sinh^2y=1,

cosh2y=1+sinh2y=1+(x21)=x2.\begin{align*} \cosh^2y =&\,1+\sinh^2y \\ =&\,1+(x^2-1)=x^2. \end{align*}

Since coshy>0\cosh y>0 and x>1x>1, it follows that coshy=x\cosh y=x. Hence

xdydx=xx21,x\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}},

so

dydx=1x21.\boxed{ \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}} }.

解法三:使用反双曲正弦的对数形式

思路

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先用 arsinhu=ln(u+u2+1)\operatorname{arsinh}u=\ln\bigl(u+\sqrt{u^2+1}\bigr) 把函数改写成普通对数,再求导。条件 x>1x>1 同样确保 x2=x\sqrt{x^2}=x

答题过程

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Using the logarithmic form of arsinh\operatorname{arsinh},

y=ln(x21+(x21)+1)=ln(x21+x),\begin{align*} y =&\,\ln\biggl( \sqrt{x^2-1} +\sqrt{(x^2-1)+1} \biggr) \\ =&\,\ln\bigl(\sqrt{x^2-1}+x\bigr), \end{align*}

where x2=x\sqrt{x^2}=x because x>1x>1. Therefore,

dydx=xx21+1x21+x=x+x21x21(x21+x)=1x21.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,\frac{ \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}+1 }{ \sqrt{x^2-1}+x } \\ =&\,\frac{ x+\sqrt{x^2-1} }{ \sqrt{x^2-1} \bigl(\sqrt{x^2-1}+x\bigr) } \\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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使用 (a) 的结果求 f(x)f'(x),再令其为零。交叉相乘后两边均为正,因此平方不会引入符号分支;解关于 x2x^2 的二次方程后,还要用定义域 x>1x>1 只保留正根。

答题过程

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Using the result from part (a),

f(x)=13x2111+x2.f'(x) =\frac{1}{3\sqrt{x^2-1}} -\frac{1}{1+x^2}.

Hence f(x)=0f'(x)=0 gives

1+x2=3x21.1+x^2=3\sqrt{x^2-1}.

For x>1x>1, both sides are positive, so squaring is reversible. Thus

(1+x2)2=9(x21),x4+2x2+1=9x29,x47x2+10=0,(x22)(x25)=0.\begin{align*} (1+x^2)^2=&\,9(x^2-1), \\ x^4+2x^2+1=&\,9x^2-9, \\ x^4-7x^2+10=&\,0, \\ (x^2-2)(x^2-5)=&\,0. \end{align*}

Therefore x2=2x^2=2 or x2=5x^2=5. Since x>1x>1, the exact values are

x=2, 5.\boxed{x=\sqrt2,\ \sqrt5}.