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IAL 2024 June FP3 Q4

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2024 June Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

(a) Use the definitions of hyperbolic functions in terms of exponentials to show that

sinh(A+B)sinhAcoshB+coshAsinhB\sinh(A+B)\equiv \sinh A\cosh B+\cosh A\sinh B

(b) Hence express 10sinhx+8coshx10\sinh x+8\cosh x in the form Rsinh(x+α)R\sinh(x+\alpha) where R>0R>0, giving α\alpha in the form lnp\ln p where pp is an integer.

(c) Hence solve the equation

10sinhx+8coshx=18710\sinh x+8\cosh x=18\sqrt7

giving your answer in the form ln(7+q)\ln(\sqrt7+q) where qq is a rational number to be determined.

(9)
题目中文翻译

(a) 利用双曲函数的指数定义证明

sinh(A+B)sinhAcoshB+coshAsinhB\sinh(A+B)\equiv \sinh A\cosh B+\cosh A\sinh B

(b) 因此将 10sinhx+8coshx10\sinh x+8\cosh x 写成 Rsinh(x+α)R\sinh(x+\alpha) 的形式,其中 R>0R>0,并把 α\alpha 写成 lnp\ln p 的形式,这里 pp 为整数。

(c) 因此求解方程

10sinhx+8coshx=18710\sinh x+8\cosh x=18\sqrt7

答案写成 ln(7+q)\ln(\sqrt7+q) 的形式,其中 qq 为待定有理数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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题目指定使用指数定义,因此从等式右边出发,把四个双曲函数全部改写成指数形式。完整展开八项后,中间的交叉项两两抵消,余下的两项正好组成 sinh(A+B)\sinh(A+B)

答题过程

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Using the exponential definitions of the hyperbolic functions,

sinhAcoshB+coshAsinhB=(eAeA)(eB+eB)4+(eA+eA)(eBeB)4=14(eA+B+eABeA+Be(A+B))+14(eA+BeAB+eA+Be(A+B))=2eA+B2e(A+B)4=eA+Be(A+B)2=sinh(A+B).\begin{align*} &\,\sinh A\cosh B+\cosh A\sinh B \\ =&\, \frac{(e^A-e^{-A})(e^B+e^{-B})}{4} \\ &\,+\frac{(e^A+e^{-A})(e^B-e^{-B})}{4} \\ =&\,\frac14\bigl( e^{A+B}+e^{A-B}-e^{-A+B}-e^{-(A+B)} \bigr) \\ &\,+\frac14\bigl( e^{A+B}-e^{A-B}+e^{-A+B}-e^{-(A+B)} \bigr) \\ =&\,\frac{2e^{A+B}-2e^{-(A+B)}}{4} \\ =&\,\frac{e^{A+B}-e^{-(A+B)}}{2} \\ =&\,\sinh(A+B). \end{align*}

Hence

sinh(A+B)sinhAcoshB+coshAsinhB.\boxed{ \sinh(A+B) \equiv\sinh A\cosh B+\cosh A\sinh B }.

(b)

解法一:使用双曲恒等式与反双曲正切

思路

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使用 (a) 的加法公式展开 Rsinh(x+α)R\sinh(x+\alpha),比较 sinhx\sinh xcoshx\cosh x 的系数。两个系数方程的平方相减可求 RR,相除则得到 tanhα\tanh\alpha;最后用反双曲正切的对数形式求 α\alpha

答题过程

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By the identity proved in part (a),

Rsinh(x+α)=Rcoshαsinhx+Rsinhαcoshx.R\sinh(x+\alpha) =R\cosh\alpha\sinh x +R\sinh\alpha\cosh x.

Comparing coefficients with 10sinhx+8coshx10\sinh x+8\cosh x gives

Rcoshα=10,Rsinhα=8.R\cosh\alpha=10, \qquad R\sinh\alpha=8.

Using cosh2αsinh2α=1\cosh^2\alpha-\sinh^2\alpha=1,

R2=(Rcoshα)2(Rsinhα)2=10282=36.\begin{align*} R^2 =&\,(R\cosh\alpha)^2-(R\sinh\alpha)^2 \\ =&\,10^2-8^2=36. \end{align*}

Since R>0R>0, R=6R=6. Also,

tanhα=RsinhαRcoshα=45.\tanh\alpha =\frac{R\sinh\alpha}{R\cosh\alpha} =\frac45.

Therefore,

α=artanh45=12ln(1+45145)=12ln9=ln3.\begin{align*} \alpha =&\,\operatorname{artanh}\frac45 \\ =&\,\frac12\ln\biggl( \frac{1+\frac45}{1-\frac45} \biggr) \\ =&\,\frac12\ln9=\ln3. \end{align*}

Hence

10sinhx+8coshx=6sinh(x+ln3).\boxed{ 10\sinh x+8\cosh x =6\sinh(x+\ln3) }.

解法二:组合指数关系

思路

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比较系数后,将 Rcoshα=10R\cosh\alpha=10Rsinhα=8R\sinh\alpha=8 相加、相减。利用 coshα+sinhα=eα\cosh\alpha+\sinh\alpha=e^\alphacoshαsinhα=eα\cosh\alpha-\sinh\alpha=e^{-\alpha},可以直接求出 α\alpha 和正数 RR

答题过程

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As in the first method, comparison of coefficients gives

Rcoshα=10,Rsinhα=8.R\cosh\alpha=10, \qquad R\sinh\alpha=8.

Adding and subtracting these equations,

Reα=18,Reα=2.Re^\alpha=18, \qquad Re^{-\alpha}=2.

Dividing the equations gives

e2α=9.e^{2\alpha}=9.

Since eα>0e^\alpha>0, eα=3e^\alpha=3, and hence α=ln3\alpha=\ln3. Multiplying the two equations gives R2=36R^2=36, so R=6R=6 because R>0R>0. Therefore,

10sinhx+8coshx=6sinh(x+ln3).\boxed{ 10\sinh x+8\cosh x =6\sinh(x+\ln3) }.

(c)

解法一

思路

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必须承接 (b),先把原方程改写成关于 sinh(x+ln3)\sinh(x+\ln3) 的方程。用 arsinh\operatorname{arsinh} 的对数形式求出 x+ln3x+\ln3,再利用对数减法整理成题目指定的形式。

答题过程

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Using the result from part (b),

6sinh(x+ln3)=187,6\sinh(x+\ln3)=18\sqrt7,

so

sinh(x+ln3)=37.\sinh(x+\ln3)=3\sqrt7.

Therefore,

x+ln3=arsinh(37)=ln(37+(37)2+1)=ln(37+8).\begin{align*} x+\ln3 =&\,\operatorname{arsinh}(3\sqrt7) \\ =&\,\ln\biggl( 3\sqrt7+\sqrt{(3\sqrt7)^2+1} \biggr) \\ =&\,\ln(3\sqrt7+8). \end{align*}

Hence

x=ln(37+8)ln3=ln(37+83)=ln(7+83).\begin{align*} x =&\,\ln(3\sqrt7+8)-\ln3 \\ =&\,\ln\biggl(\frac{3\sqrt7+8}{3}\biggr) \\ =&\,\boxed{\ln\biggl(\sqrt7+\frac83\biggr)}. \end{align*}

Thus q=8/3q=8/3.

Since sinh\sinh is one-to-one, this is the only real solution.