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M1 2019 Jan Q4

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2019 Jan Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

4.

A boy sees a box on the end QQ of a plank PQPQ which overhangs a swimming pool. The plank has mass 30 kg30\,\mathrm{kg}, is 5 m5\,\mathrm{m} long and rests in a horizontal position on two bricks. The bricks are modelled as smooth supports, one acting on the rod at PP and one acting on the rod at RR, where PR=3 mPR=3\,\mathrm{m}. The support at RR is on the edge of the swimming pool, as shown in Figure 2. The boy has mass 40 kg40\,\mathrm{kg} and the box has mass 2.5 kg2.5\,\mathrm{kg}. The plank is modelled as a uniform rod and the boy and the box are modelled as particles.

The boy steps on to the plank at PP and begins to walk slowly along the plank towards the box.

(a) Find the distance he can walk along the plank from PP before the plank starts to tilt.

(4)

(b) State how you have used, in your working, the fact that the box is modelled as a particle.

(1)

A rock of mass M kgM\,\mathrm{kg} is placed on the plank at PP. The boy is then able to walk slowly along the plank to the box at the end QQ without the plank tilting. The rock is modelled as a particle.

(c) Find the smallest possible value of MM.

(4)
题目中文翻译

一名男孩看到一块伸出游泳池上方的木板 PQPQ,其 QQ 端放着一个箱子。木板质量为 30 kg30\,\mathrm{kg},长 5 m5\,\mathrm{m},水平放置在两块砖上。将两块砖视为光滑支点,分别在杆上的 PP 点和 RR 点提供支持,其中 PR=3 mPR=3\,\mathrm{m}。如图 2 所示,RR 处的支点位于游泳池边缘。男孩的质量为 40 kg40\,\mathrm{kg},箱子的质量为 2.5 kg2.5\,\mathrm{kg}。将木板视为均匀杆,将男孩和箱子视为质点。

男孩从 PP 点踏上木板,开始沿木板缓慢走向箱子。

(a) 求木板开始倾斜之前,男孩从 PP 点沿木板可以走过的距离。

(4)

(b) 说明在计算中如何使用了“将箱子视为质点”这一假设。

(1)

现将一块质量为 M kgM\,\mathrm{kg} 的石块放在木板的 PP 点。此时男孩能够沿木板缓慢走到 QQ 端的箱子处,而木板不发生倾斜。将石块视为质点。

(c) 求 MM 的最小可能值。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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刚要绕 RR 倾斜时,PP 处支持力降为零。均匀木板的重力作用在中点,距 RR 左侧 0.50.5 米;关于 RR 取矩即可消去另一支持力。

答题过程

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Let x mx\,\mathrm{m} be the boy’s distance from PP. At the limiting position, the plank is about to turn about RR and the reaction at PP is zero.

The plank’s centre is 2.5 m2.5\,\mathrm{m} from PP, hence 0.5 m0.5\,\mathrm{m} to the left of RR. Taking moments about RR,

40g(x−3)+2.5g(2)=30g(0.5).40g(x-3)+2.5g(2)=30g(0.5).

Cancelling gg and simplifying,

40x−120+5= 15,40x= 130,x= 134.\begin{align*} 40x-120+5=&\,15,\\[4mm] 40x=&\,130,\\[4mm] x=&\,\frac{13}{4}. \end{align*}

The greatest distance is 3.25 m\boxed{3.25\,\mathrm{m}} from PP.

解法二

思路

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另一种做法是先用竖直平衡求 RR 的支持力,再关于 PP 取矩。这能展示如何联立平衡方程消去未知支持力。

答题过程

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At impending tilt, the reaction at PP is zero. Let the reaction at RR be NN. Vertical equilibrium gives

N=(40+30+2.5)g=72.5g.N=(40+30+2.5)g=72.5g.

Taking moments about PP,

40gx+30g(2.5)+2.5g(5)=3N.40gx+30g(2.5)+2.5g(5)=3N.

Substituting for NN and cancelling gg,

40x+75+12.5=217.5,40x=130.40x+75+12.5=217.5, \qquad 40x=130.

Hence x=3.25 m\boxed{x=3.25\,\mathrm{m}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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质点模型把箱子的全部质量集中在一个位置,因此计算重力矩时不用考虑箱子的尺寸。

答题过程

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The whole weight of the box is taken to act at the point QQ.

(c)

解法一

思路

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男孩越靠近 QQ,倾覆力矩越大;所以检查男孩在 QQ 的情况。最小石块质量对应临界平衡,仍有 PP 处支持力为零。

答题过程

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The greatest overturning moment occurs when the boy is at QQ. For the minimum rock mass, the plank is just on the point of tilting about RR.

Taking moments about RR,

3Mg+30g(0.5)=(40+2.5)g(2).3Mg+30g(0.5)=(40+2.5)g(2).

Therefore

3M+15=85,3M=70,Mmin⁡=703.3M+15=85, \qquad 3M=70, \qquad \boxed{M_{\min}=\frac{70}{3}}.

The minimum rock mass is 703 kg\dfrac{70}{3}\,\mathrm{kg} (approximately 23.3 kg23.3\,\mathrm{kg}). Any larger mass provides a greater stabilising moment at this end of the plank.

解法二

思路

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也可以利用整体竖直平衡和关于 PP 的力矩方程。石块放在 PP,在此点取矩时它没有力矩,但会增加 RR 的支持力。

答题过程

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With the boy at QQ, let the reaction at RR be SS. At the limiting minimum mass, the reaction at PP is zero, so

S=(M+72.5)g.S=(M+72.5)g.

Taking moments about PP,

42.5g(5)+30g(2.5)=3S.42.5g(5)+30g(2.5)=3S.

Substitute for SS and cancel gg:

212.5+75=3M+217.5,3M=70.212.5+75=3M+217.5, \qquad 3M=70.

Hence Mmin⁡=70/3\boxed{M_{\min}=70/3}, corresponding to a rock of mass 70/3 kg70/3\,\mathrm{kg}.