题目
Problem
6.
A train travels for a total of 270s along a straight horizontal track between two stations A and B. The train starts from rest at A and moves with constant acceleration for 60s until it reaches a speed of Vms−1. The train then travels at this constant speed Vms−1 before it moves with constant deceleration for 30s, coming to rest at B.
(a) Sketch below a speed-time graph for the journey of the train between the two stations A and B.
(2)
Given that the distance between the two stations is 4.5km,
(b) find the value of V,
(3)
(c) find how long it takes the train to travel from station A to the point that is exactly halfway between the two stations.
(4)
The train is travelling at speed 41Vms−1 at times T1 seconds and T2 seconds after leaving station A.
(d) Find the value of T1 and the value of T2.
(5)
题目中文翻译
一列火车沿水平直轨道从车站 A 行驶至车站 B,总用时为 270s。火车从 A 站由静止出发,做匀加速运动 60s,直至速率达到 Vms−1。随后火车以此恒定速率 Vms−1 行驶,再做匀减速运动 30s,最终在 B 站停下。
(a) 在下方画出火车在 A、B 两站之间行驶的速率—时间图像草图。
(2)
已知两站之间的距离为 4.5km,
(b) 求 V 的值,
(3)
(c) 求火车从 A 站行驶至两站正中点所需的时间。
(4)
火车离开 A 站后,在 T1 秒和 T2 秒时的速率均为 41Vms−1。
(d) 求 T1 和 T2 的值。
(5)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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匀加速和匀减速对应斜直线,匀速对应水平线。减速从 270−30=240 秒开始;竖向辅助线应画成虚线,不能当成图像的一部分。
答题过程
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Use time t (seconds) on the horizontal axis and speed v (ms−1) on the vertical axis. Join the following points by straight line segments:
(0,0),(60,V),(240,V),(270,0).
The graph rises linearly, stays horizontal, and then falls linearly to the time axis. Label 60, 240, 270 and V; any vertical guide lines should be dashed.
(b)
解法一
思路
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路程等于速率—时间图像下的面积。全程不是同一个加速度,不能对全程直接套用一个匀加速公式。先把公里换成米。
答题过程
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The constant-speed interval lasts 270−60−30=180s. The area under the speed-time graph is 4500m, so
21(60)V+180V+21(30)V=4500.
Thus
225V=4500,V=20.
The maximum speed is 20ms−1.
(c)
解法一
思路
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先确定中点在哪个运动阶段,再求该阶段的时间。加速结束只走了 600 米,而开始减速前已走了 4200 米,因此中点位于匀速段。
答题过程
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The midpoint is 2250m from A. The distances travelled by t=60 and t=240 are
s60=21(60)(20)=600m,
s240=600+(240−60)(20)=4200m.
Since 600<2250<4200, the midpoint is reached during the constant-speed interval. If this occurs at time T,
600+20(T−60)=2250.
Therefore
20(T−60)=1650,T=60+82.5=142.5s.
(d)
解法一
思路
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两段斜直线上的速率都与相应时间成正比。第一次为加速时间的四分之一;第二次距离停车还剩减速时间的四分之一。
答题过程
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Take T1<T2. During acceleration, v/V=t/60, so
60T1=41,T1=15s.
During deceleration, v/V=(270−t)/30. Hence
30270−T2=41,270−T2=7.5,T2=262.5s.