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M1 2019 June Q1

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2019 June Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

1.

Two particles, PP and QQ, have masses 3m3m and 2m2m respectively. They are moving in a straight line in opposite directions towards each other on a smooth horizontal plane and collide directly. The speeds of PP and QQ immediately before the collision are 2u2u and 4u4u respectively. As a result of the collision, the speed of PP is halved and its direction of motion is reversed.

(a) Find the speed of QQ immediately after the collision.

(3)

(b) Find the magnitude of the impulse exerted on QQ by PP in the collision.

(2)
题目中文翻译

两个质点 PP 和 QQ 的质量分别为 3m3m 和 2m2m。它们在光滑水平面上沿同一直线相向运动,并发生正碰。碰撞前一瞬间,PP 和 QQ 的速率分别为 2u2u 和 4u4u。碰撞后,PP 的速率减半,且运动方向反转。

(a) 求碰撞后瞬间 QQ 的速率。

(3)

(b) 求碰撞过程中 PP 对 QQ 施加的冲量的大小。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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碰撞前两球方向相反。以 PP 原来的方向为正,碰撞后 PP 的速度为 −u-u;先求 QQ 的带符号速度,再判断方向与速率。

答题过程

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Take the original direction of PP as positive, and let the velocity of QQ after impact be vv. Conservation of momentum gives

3m(2u)+2m(−4u)= 3m(−u)+2mv,−2mu= −3mu+2mv,mu= 2mv.\begin{align*} 3m(2u)+2m(-4u)=&\,3m(-u)+2mv,\\[4mm] -2mu=&\,-3mu+2mv,\\[4mm] mu=&\,2mv. \end{align*}

Thus v=u/2>0v=u/2>0, so the speed of QQ is u/2\boxed{u/2}, in the original direction of PP.

(b)

解法一

思路

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用 QQ 的末动量减初动量。由于速度反向,动量变化的大小涉及两个速率之和。

答题过程

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Using the positive direction from (a), the impulse on QQ is

IQ=2m(12u−(−4u))=9mu.I_Q=2m\big(\tfrac12u-(-4u)\big)=9mu.

Hence the required magnitude is 9mu\boxed{9mu}.

解法二

思路

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也可以从 PP 的动量变化求冲量,然后利用相互作用冲量等大反向。

答题过程

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The impulse on PP is

IP=3m(−u−2u)=−9mu.I_P=3m(-u-2u)=-9mu.

The impulse exerted on QQ by PP is opposite to this, so its magnitude is 9mu\boxed{9mu}.