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M1 2019 June Q6

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2019 June Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

6.

A small ball is projected vertically upwards with speed U m s−1U\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} from a point AA that is 12.5 m12.5\,\mathrm{m} above horizontal ground. The ball moves freely under gravity until it hits the ground 257 s\frac{25}{7}\,\mathrm{s} later. By modelling the ball as a particle,

(a) find the value of UU.

(3)

After hitting the ground the ball rebounds vertically and comes to instantaneous rest at the point BB, 57 s\frac{5}{7}\,\mathrm{s} after hitting the ground.

(b) Find the height of BB above the ground.

(3)

(c) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the motion of the ball from the instant when it was first projected from AA to the instant when it comes to instantaneous rest at BB.

[No further calculations are needed in order to draw this sketch.]

(3)
题目中文翻译

一个小球从水平地面上方 12.5 m12.5\,\mathrm{m} 的 AA 点,以速率 U m s−1U\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 竖直向上抛出。小球仅在重力作用下运动,经过 257 s\frac{25}{7}\,\mathrm{s} 后撞击地面。将小球视为质点,

(a) 求 UU 的值。

(3)

撞击地面后,小球竖直反弹,并在撞击地面后 57 s\frac{5}{7}\,\mathrm{s} 于 BB 点瞬时静止。

(b) 求 BB 点离地面的高度。

(3)

(c) 画出小球从最初在 AA 点被抛出的瞬间,到在 BB 点瞬时静止的瞬间这一运动过程的速度—时间图像草图。

[画此草图无需进一步计算。]

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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以抛出点为位移原点,向上为正。到地面时位移为负,加速度也为负;不要把初始高度直接当成正位移代入。

答题过程

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Take upwards as positive. Before impact, s=−12.5s=-12.5, a=−9.8a=-9.8 and t=25/7t=25/7. Using s=ut+12at2s=ut+\tfrac12at^2,

−252=257U−4910(257)2.-\frac{25}{2}=\frac{25}{7}U-\frac{49}{10}\big(\tfrac{25}{7}\big)^2.

Therefore

−252=257U−1252,257U=50,U=14.-\frac{25}{2}=\frac{25}{7}U-\frac{125}{2}, \qquad \frac{25}{7}U=50, \qquad \boxed{U=14}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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反弹后到最高点的末速度为零,已知这段时间,可用不含初速度的位移公式直接求高度。

答题过程

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For the upward motion after the rebound, take upwards as positive. With final velocity v=0v=0, acceleration a=−9.8a=-9.8 and time t=5/7t=5/7,

h= vt−12at2= 0−12(−9.8)(57)2= 2.5 m.\begin{align*} h=&\,vt-\frac12at^2\\[4mm] =&\,0-\frac12(-9.8)\big(\tfrac57\big)^2\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{2.5\,\mathrm{m}}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以先从末速度为零求反弹初速度,再使用通常的位移公式。

答题过程

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Let the upward velocity immediately after rebound be ww. Then

0=w−9.8(57),w=7 m s−1.0=w-9.8\big(\tfrac57\big), \qquad w=7\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}.

Hence the height gained is

h=7(57)−12(9.8)(57)2=5−2.5=2.5 m.h=7\big(\tfrac57\big)-\frac12(9.8)\big(\tfrac57\big)^2 =5-2.5 =\boxed{2.5\,\mathrm{m}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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两次自由运动的加速度均为 −g-g,所以速度图像是两条平行的下降直线。碰地反弹使速度瞬间由负变正,不能把两段画成连续直线。

答题过程

展开

Take upwards as positive. Label the horizontal axis tt (seconds) and the vertical axis vv (m s−1\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}).

The first segment starts at (0,14)(0,14) and slopes downwards with constant gradient −g-g. It crosses the time axis and continues into negative velocity, ending at t=25/7t=25/7.

At t=25/7t=25/7, the velocity changes instantaneously to a positive value. From that point, draw a second segment parallel to the first, ending on the time axis at

t=257+57=307.t=\frac{25}{7}+\frac57=\frac{30}{7}.

Show the jump at impact by the separated endpoints; do not join the two segments by an extra solid line.