题目
6.
A small ball is projected vertically upwards with speed from a point that is above horizontal ground. The ball moves freely under gravity until it hits the ground later. By modelling the ball as a particle,
(a) find the value of .
After hitting the ground the ball rebounds vertically and comes to instantaneous rest at the point , after hitting the ground.
(b) Find the height of above the ground.
(c) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the motion of the ball from the instant when it was first projected from to the instant when it comes to instantaneous rest at .
[No further calculations are needed in order to draw this sketch.]
题目中文翻译
一个小球从水平地面上方 的 点,以速率 竖直向上抛出。小球仅在重力作用下运动,经过 后撞击地面。将小球视为质点,
(a) 求 的值。
撞击地面后,小球竖直反弹,并在撞击地面后 于 点瞬时静止。
(b) 求 点离地面的高度。
(c) 画出小球从最初在 点被抛出的瞬间,到在 点瞬时静止的瞬间这一运动过程的速度—时间图像草图。
[画此草图无需进一步计算。]
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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以抛出点为位移原点,向上为正。到地面时位移为负,加速度也为负;不要把初始高度直接当成正位移代入。
答题过程
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Take upwards as positive. Before impact, , and . Using ,
Therefore
(b)
解法一
思路
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反弹后到最高点的末速度为零,已知这段时间,可用不含初速度的位移公式直接求高度。
答题过程
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For the upward motion after the rebound, take upwards as positive. With final velocity , acceleration and time ,
解法二
思路
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也可以先从末速度为零求反弹初速度,再使用通常的位移公式。
答题过程
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Let the upward velocity immediately after rebound be . Then
Hence the height gained is
(c)
解法一
思路
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两次自由运动的加速度均为 ,所以速度图像是两条平行的下降直线。碰地反弹使速度瞬间由负变正,不能把两段画成连续直线。
答题过程
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Take upwards as positive. Label the horizontal axis (seconds) and the vertical axis ().
The first segment starts at and slopes downwards with constant gradient . It crosses the time axis and continues into negative velocity, ending at .
At , the velocity changes instantaneously to a positive value. From that point, draw a second segment parallel to the first, ending on the time axis at
Show the jump at impact by the separated endpoints; do not join the two segments by an extra solid line.