题目
Problem
7.
Two forces, F \mathbf{F} F and G \mathbf{G} G , act on a particle. The force F \mathbf{F} F has magnitude 4 N 4\,\mathrm{N} 4 N and acts in a direction with a bearing of 120 ∘ 120^\circ 12 0 ∘ and the force G \mathbf{G} G has magnitude 6 N 6\,\mathrm{N} 6 N and acts due north.
Given that P = 2 F + G \mathbf{P}=2\mathbf{F}+\mathbf{G} P = 2 F + G , find
(i) the magnitude of P \mathbf{P} P
(ii) the direction of P \mathbf{P} P , giving your answer as a bearing to the nearest degree.
(7)
题目中文翻译
两个力 F \mathbf{F} F 和 G \mathbf{G} G 作用在一个质点上。力 F \mathbf{F} F 的大小为 4 N 4\,\mathrm{N} 4 N ,方向的方位角为 120 ∘ 120^\circ 12 0 ∘ ;力 G \mathbf{G} G 的大小为 6 N 6\,\mathrm{N} 6 N ,方向为正北。
已知 P = 2 F + G \mathbf{P}=2\mathbf{F}+\mathbf{G} P = 2 F + G ,求
(i) P \mathbf{P} P 的大小,
(ii) P \mathbf{P} P 的方向,以方位角表示,精确到最接近的整数度。
(7)
解答
(i)
解法一
思路
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注意参与合成的是 2 F 2\mathbf F 2 F ,大小为 8 8 8 牛顿。首尾相接的力三角形内角为 180 ∘ − 120 ∘ = 60 ∘ 180^\circ-120^\circ=60^\circ 18 0 ∘ − 12 0 ∘ = 6 0 ∘ ,再用余弦定理。
答题过程
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The vectors 2 F 2\mathbf{F} 2 F and G \mathbf{G} G have magnitudes 8 N 8\,\mathrm{N} 8 N and 6 N 6\,\mathrm{N} 6 N , with angle 120 ∘ 120^\circ 12 0 ∘ between their directions.
Let O A OA O A represent 2 F 2\mathbf{F} 2 F and A B AB A B represent G \mathbf{G} G , so O B OB O B represents P \mathbf{P} P . The interior angle O A B OAB O A B is 60 ∘ 60^\circ 6 0 ∘ . The cosine rule gives
∣ P ∣ 2 = 8 2 + 6 2 − 2 ( 8 ) ( 6 ) cos 60 ∘ = 52. |\mathbf{P}|^2=8^2+6^2-2(8)(6)\cos60^\circ=52. ∣ P ∣ 2 = 8 2 + 6 2 − 2 ( 8 ) ( 6 ) cos 6 0 ∘ = 52.
Hence ∣ P ∣ = 52 N ≈ 7.21 N \boxed{|\mathbf{P}|=\sqrt{52}\,\mathrm{N}\approx7.21\,\mathrm{N}} ∣ P ∣ = 52 N ≈ 7.21 N .
解法二
思路
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方位角从正北量起,可先算东、北分量,再用勾股定理合成。
答题过程
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Take i \mathbf{i} i east and j \mathbf{j} j north. Then
P = 8 sin 120 ∘ i + ( 8 cos 120 ∘ + 6 ) j = 4 3 i + 2 j . \begin{align*}
\mathbf{P}=&\,8\sin120^\circ\,\mathbf{i}
+(8\cos120^\circ+6)\mathbf{j}\\[4mm]
=&\,4\sqrt3\,\mathbf{i}+2\mathbf{j}.
\end{align*} P = = 8 sin 12 0 ∘ i + ( 8 cos 12 0 ∘ + 6 ) j 4 3 i + 2 j .
Therefore
∣ P ∣ = ( 4 3 ) 2 + 2 2 = 52 N ≈ 7.21 N . |\mathbf{P}|=\sqrt{(4\sqrt3)^2+2^2}
=\boxed{\sqrt{52}\,\mathrm{N}\approx7.21\,\mathrm{N}}. ∣ P ∣ = ( 4 3 ) 2 + 2 2 = 52 N ≈ 7.21 N .
(ii)
解法一
思路
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沿用力三角形,先求合力与 2 F 2\mathbf F 2 F 的夹角。使用余弦定理能直接确定正确角度,避免正弦定理的补角歧义。
答题过程
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Using triangle O A B OAB O A B from method 1 in (i), let ϕ = ∠ A O B \phi=\angle AOB ϕ = ∠ A O B , the angle between 2 F 2\mathbf{F} 2 F and P \mathbf{P} P . By the cosine rule,
6 2 = 8 2 + 52 − 2 ( 8 ) 52 cos ϕ . 6^2=8^2+52-2(8)\sqrt{52}\cos\phi. 6 2 = 8 2 + 52 − 2 ( 8 ) 52 cos ϕ .
Thus
cos ϕ = 64 + 52 − 36 16 52 = 5 52 , ϕ = 46.102 … ∘ . \cos\phi=\frac{64+52-36}{16\sqrt{52}}
=\frac5{\sqrt{52}},
\qquad \phi=46.102\ldots^\circ. cos ϕ = 16 52 64 + 52 − 36 = 52 5 , ϕ = 46.102 … ∘ .
The resultant lies between the two force directions. Its bearing is
120 ∘ − 46.102 … ∘ = 73.897 … ∘ , 120^\circ-46.102\ldots^\circ=73.897\ldots^\circ, 12 0 ∘ − 46.102 … ∘ = 73.897 … ∘ ,
so the required bearing is 074 ∘ \boxed{074^\circ} 07 4 ∘ .
解法二
思路
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由分量可知合力指向东北。用东分量除以北分量求从正北顺时针转过的角,便直接得到方位角。
答题过程
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From method 2 in (i), the east and north components are 4 3 4\sqrt3 4 3 and 2 2 2 , both positive. If the bearing is β \beta β , then
tan β = 4 3 2 = 2 3 , 0 < β < 90 ∘ . \tan\beta=\frac{4\sqrt3}{2}=2\sqrt3,
\qquad 0<\beta<90^\circ. tan β = 2 4 3 = 2 3 , 0 < β < 9 0 ∘ .
Hence β = 73.897 … ∘ \beta=73.897\ldots^\circ β = 73.897 … ∘ , giving the bearing 074 ∘ \boxed{074^\circ} 07 4 ∘ to the nearest degree.