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M1 2019 Oct Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2019 Oct Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

Two forces, F\mathbf{F} and G\mathbf{G}, act on a particle. The force F\mathbf{F} has magnitude 4 N4\,\mathrm{N} and acts in a direction with a bearing of 120∘120^\circ and the force G\mathbf{G} has magnitude 6 N6\,\mathrm{N} and acts due north.

Given that P=2F+G\mathbf{P}=2\mathbf{F}+\mathbf{G}, find

(i) the magnitude of P\mathbf{P}

(ii) the direction of P\mathbf{P}, giving your answer as a bearing to the nearest degree.

(7)
题目中文翻译

两个力 F\mathbf{F} 和 G\mathbf{G} 作用在一个质点上。力 F\mathbf{F} 的大小为 4 N4\,\mathrm{N},方向的方位角为 120∘120^\circ;力 G\mathbf{G} 的大小为 6 N6\,\mathrm{N},方向为正北。

已知 P=2F+G\mathbf{P}=2\mathbf{F}+\mathbf{G},求

(i) P\mathbf{P} 的大小,

(ii) P\mathbf{P} 的方向,以方位角表示,精确到最接近的整数度。

(7)

解答

(i)

解法一

思路

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注意参与合成的是 2F2\mathbf F,大小为 88 牛顿。首尾相接的力三角形内角为 180∘−120∘=60∘180^\circ-120^\circ=60^\circ,再用余弦定理。

答题过程

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The vectors 2F2\mathbf{F} and G\mathbf{G} have magnitudes 8 N8\,\mathrm{N} and 6 N6\,\mathrm{N}, with angle 120∘120^\circ between their directions.

Let OAOA represent 2F2\mathbf{F} and ABAB represent G\mathbf{G}, so OBOB represents P\mathbf{P}. The interior angle OABOAB is 60∘60^\circ. The cosine rule gives

∣P∣2=82+62−2(8)(6)cos⁡60∘=52.|\mathbf{P}|^2=8^2+6^2-2(8)(6)\cos60^\circ=52.

Hence ∣P∣=52 N≈7.21 N\boxed{|\mathbf{P}|=\sqrt{52}\,\mathrm{N}\approx7.21\,\mathrm{N}}.

解法二

思路

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方位角从正北量起,可先算东、北分量,再用勾股定理合成。

答题过程

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Take i\mathbf{i} east and j\mathbf{j} north. Then

P= 8sin⁡120∘ i+(8cos⁡120∘+6)j= 43 i+2j.\begin{align*} \mathbf{P}=&\,8\sin120^\circ\,\mathbf{i} +(8\cos120^\circ+6)\mathbf{j}\\[4mm] =&\,4\sqrt3\,\mathbf{i}+2\mathbf{j}. \end{align*}

Therefore

∣P∣=(43)2+22=52 N≈7.21 N.|\mathbf{P}|=\sqrt{(4\sqrt3)^2+2^2} =\boxed{\sqrt{52}\,\mathrm{N}\approx7.21\,\mathrm{N}}.

(ii)

解法一

思路

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沿用力三角形,先求合力与 2F2\mathbf F 的夹角。使用余弦定理能直接确定正确角度,避免正弦定理的补角歧义。

答题过程

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Using triangle OABOAB from method 1 in (i), let ϕ=∠AOB\phi=\angle AOB, the angle between 2F2\mathbf{F} and P\mathbf{P}. By the cosine rule,

62=82+52−2(8)52cos⁡ϕ.6^2=8^2+52-2(8)\sqrt{52}\cos\phi.

Thus

cos⁡ϕ=64+52−361652=552,ϕ=46.102…∘.\cos\phi=\frac{64+52-36}{16\sqrt{52}} =\frac5{\sqrt{52}}, \qquad \phi=46.102\ldots^\circ.

The resultant lies between the two force directions. Its bearing is

120∘−46.102…∘=73.897…∘,120^\circ-46.102\ldots^\circ=73.897\ldots^\circ,

so the required bearing is 074∘\boxed{074^\circ}.

解法二

思路

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由分量可知合力指向东北。用东分量除以北分量求从正北顺时针转过的角,便直接得到方位角。

答题过程

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From method 2 in (i), the east and north components are 434\sqrt3 and 22, both positive. If the bearing is β\beta, then

tan⁡β=432=23,0<β<90∘.\tan\beta=\frac{4\sqrt3}{2}=2\sqrt3, \qquad 0<\beta<90^\circ.

Hence β=73.897…∘\beta=73.897\ldots^\circ, giving the bearing 074∘\boxed{074^\circ} to the nearest degree.