题目
1.
Two particles, and , of mass and respectively, are moving on a smooth horizontal plane. The particles are moving towards each other in opposite directions along the same straight line when they collide directly. Immediately before the collision, both particles are moving with speed .
The direction of motion of each particle is reversed by the collision.
Immediately after the collision, the speed of is .
(a) Find, in terms of and , the magnitude of the impulse exerted by on in the collision.
(b) Find, in terms of , and , the speed of immediately after the collision.
(c) Hence show that .
题目中文翻译
两个质点 和 的质量分别为 和 ,在光滑水平面上运动。它们沿同一直线相向运动,并发生正碰。碰撞前一瞬间,两个质点的速率均为 。
碰撞使两个质点的运动方向均反转。
碰撞后瞬间, 的速率为 。
(a) 用 和 表示碰撞过程中 对 施加的冲量的大小。
(b) 用 、 和 表示碰撞后瞬间 的速率。
(c) 由此证明 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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以 原来的运动方向为正, 的初速度为负,碰撞后变成正。对 用动量变化求冲量。
答题过程
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Take the original direction of as positive. The velocity of changes from to , so the impulse on is
It is positive in this direction, so the required magnitude is .
(b)
解法一
思路
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碰撞后 已反向,因此把它的末速度写成 ,其中 为正速率。用系统动量守恒解出 。
答题过程
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Let the speed of immediately after impact be , so its velocity in our chosen direction is . Conservation of momentum gives
Rearranging,
Hence the speed is .
解法二
思路
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也可以承接 (a),用等大反向的冲量作用于 ,直接解出其末速率。
答题过程
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The impulse on is . Since its velocity changes from to ,
Thus
(c)
解法一
思路
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题目给出 确实反向运动,所以 (b) 的速率严格大于零。先写完整速度不等式,再利用质量与初速均为正消去因子。
答题过程
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Since reverses its direction,
As and , this implies