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M1 2021 Jan Q1

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

1.

A small stone is projected vertically upwards with speed 20 m s−120\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} from a point OO which is 5 m5\,\mathrm{m} above horizontal ground. The stone is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.

Find

(a) the speed of the stone at the instant when it is 2 m2\,\mathrm{m} above the ground,

(2)

(b) the total time between the instant when the stone is projected from OO and the instant when it first strikes the ground.

(4)
题目中文翻译

一颗小石子从水平地面上方 5 m5\,\mathrm{m} 的 OO 点,以速率 20 m s−120\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 竖直向上抛出。将石子视为仅在重力作用下运动的质点。

求

(a) 石子位于地面上方 2 m2\,\mathrm{m} 时的速率,

(2)

(b) 从石子在 OO 点被抛出的瞬间,到首次撞击地面的瞬间所经过的总时间。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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石子位于地面上方 22 米时,比抛出点低 33 米。向上为正时位移为负,用速度平方公式直接求速率。

答题过程

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Take upwards as positive. The displacement from OO is s=2−5=−3 ms=2-5=-3\,\mathrm{m}. Using v2=u2+2asv^2=u^2+2as,

v2=202+2(−9.8)(−3)=458.8.v^2=20^2+2(-9.8)(-3)=458.8.

The required speed is

∣v∣=458.8=21.4 m s−1(3 s.f.).|v|=\sqrt{458.8}=\boxed{21.4\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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落地时相对抛出点的位移是 −5-5 米。解二次方程后,只保留投出之后的正时间。

答题过程

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At the ground, s=−5s=-5. Thus

−5=20t−4.9t2,4.9t2−20t−5=0.-5=20t-4.9t^2, \qquad 4.9t^2-20t-5=0.

The quadratic formula gives

t=20±202+4(4.9)(5)9.8=20±4989.8.t=\frac{20\pm\sqrt{20^2+4(4.9)(5)}}{9.8} =\frac{20\pm\sqrt{498}}{9.8}.

The root with the minus sign is negative, so the required total time is

t=20+4989.8=4.32 s(3 s.f.).t=\frac{20+\sqrt{498}}{9.8} =\boxed{4.32\,\mathrm{s}}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}.

解法二

思路

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也可以先算上升至最高点的时间和高度,再算从最高点落到地面的时间,最后相加。

答题过程

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At the highest point, v=0v=0, so

t1=209.8=10049 s,h=2022(9.8)=100049 m.t_1=\frac{20}{9.8}=\frac{100}{49}\,\mathrm{s}, \qquad h=\frac{20^2}{2(9.8)}=\frac{1000}{49}\,\mathrm{m}.

The fall from the highest point to the ground is through h+5h+5 metres. Starting from rest there,

h+5=12gt22,t2=2(1000/49+5)9.8.h+5=\frac12gt_2^2, \qquad t_2=\sqrt{\frac{2(1000/49+5)}{9.8}}.

Thus

t1+t2=2.040816…+2.277134…=4.32 s(3 s.f.).t_1+t_2=2.040816\ldots+2.277134\ldots =\boxed{4.32\,\mathrm{s}}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}.