A small stone is projected vertically upwards with speed 20ms−1 from a point O which is 5m above horizontal ground. The stone is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.
Find
(a) the speed of the stone at the instant when it is 2m above the ground,
(2)
(b) the total time between the instant when the stone is projected from O and the instant when it first strikes the ground.
(4)
题目中文翻译
一颗小石子从水平地面上方 5m 的 O 点,以速率 20ms−1 竖直向上抛出。将石子视为仅在重力作用下运动的质点。
求
(a) 石子位于地面上方 2m 时的速率,
(2)
(b) 从石子在 O 点被抛出的瞬间,到首次撞击地面的瞬间所经过的总时间。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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石子位于地面上方 2 米时,比抛出点低 3 米。向上为正时位移为负,用速度平方公式直接求速率。
答题过程
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Take upwards as positive. The displacement from O is s=2−5=−3m. Using v2=u2+2as,
v2=202+2(−9.8)(−3)=458.8.
The required speed is
∣v∣=458.8=21.4ms−1(3 s.f.).
(b)
解法一
思路
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落地时相对抛出点的位移是 −5 米。解二次方程后,只保留投出之后的正时间。
答题过程
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At the ground, s=−5. Thus
−5=20t−4.9t2,4.9t2−20t−5=0.
The quadratic formula gives
t=9.820±202+4(4.9)(5)=9.820±498.
The root with the minus sign is negative, so the required total time is
t=9.820+498=4.32s(3 s.f.).
解法二
思路
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也可以先算上升至最高点的时间和高度,再算从最高点落到地面的时间,最后相加。
答题过程
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At the highest point, v=0, so
t1=9.820=49100s,h=2(9.8)202=491000m.
The fall from the highest point to the ground is through h+5 metres. Starting from rest there,