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M1 2021 Jan Q5

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

5.

A particle is acted upon by two forces F\mathbf{F} and G\mathbf{G}. The force F\mathbf{F} has magnitude 8 N8\,\mathrm{N} and acts in a direction with a bearing of 240∘240^\circ. The force G\mathbf{G} has magnitude 10 N10\,\mathrm{N} and acts due South.

Given that R=F+G\mathbf{R}=\mathbf{F}+\mathbf{G}, find

(i) the magnitude of R\mathbf{R},

(ii) the direction of R\mathbf{R}, giving your answer as a bearing to the nearest degree.

(7)
题目中文翻译

两个力 F\mathbf{F} 和 G\mathbf{G} 作用在一个质点上。力 F\mathbf{F} 的大小为 8 N8\,\mathrm{N},方向的方位角为 240∘240^\circ。力 G\mathbf{G} 的大小为 10 N10\,\mathrm{N},方向为正南。

已知 R=F+G\mathbf{R}=\mathbf{F}+\mathbf{G},求

(i) R\mathbf{R} 的大小,

(ii) R\mathbf{R} 的方向,以方位角表示,精确到最接近的整数度。

(7)

解答

(i)

解法一

思路

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两个力的方向夹角为 240∘−180∘=60∘240^\circ-180^\circ=60^\circ。首尾相接的力三角形内角为其补角,用余弦定理求合力大小。

答题过程

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The angle between the force directions is 60∘60^\circ. In the triangle formed by placing the force vectors head to tail, the included interior angle is 120∘120^\circ.

The cosine rule gives

∣R∣2=82+102−2(8)(10)cos⁡120∘=244.|\mathbf{R}|^2=8^2+10^2-2(8)(10)\cos120^\circ=244.

Hence ∣R∣=244 N≈15.6 N\boxed{|\mathbf{R}|=\sqrt{244}\,\mathrm{N}\approx15.6\,\mathrm{N}}.

解法二

思路

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也可沿东西、南北分解。两个力都具有向南分量,而西向分量只来自 F\mathbf F。

答题过程

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Take i\mathbf{i} east and j\mathbf{j} north. Then

R=8sin⁡240∘ i+(8cos⁡240∘−10)j=−43 i−14j.\mathbf{R}=8\sin240^\circ\,\mathbf{i} +(8\cos240^\circ-10)\mathbf{j} =-4\sqrt3\,\mathbf{i}-14\mathbf{j}.

Thus

∣R∣=(43)2+142=244 N≈15.6 N.|\mathbf{R}|=\sqrt{(4\sqrt3)^2+14^2} =\boxed{\sqrt{244}\,\mathrm{N}\approx15.6\,\mathrm{N}}.

(ii)

解法一

思路

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在力三角形中求合力与正南方向之间的夹角,再加上正南的方位角。余弦定理可直接确定这个锐角。

答题过程

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Let α\alpha be the angle between R\mathbf{R} and the southward force G\mathbf{G}. From the force triangle in (i),

82=102+244−2(10)244cos⁡α.8^2=10^2+244-2(10)\sqrt{244}\cos\alpha.

Thus

cos⁡α=100+244−6420244,α=26.329…∘.\cos\alpha=\frac{100+244-64}{20\sqrt{244}}, \qquad \alpha=26.329\ldots^\circ.

The resultant is west of south, so its bearing is

180∘+26.329…∘=206∘(nearest degree).180^\circ+26.329\ldots^\circ =\boxed{206^\circ}\quad\text{(nearest degree)}.

解法二

思路

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由分量法可直接求正南偏西的角。注意方位角从正北顺时针量起。

答题过程

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From method 2 in (i), the westward component is 434\sqrt3 and the southward component is 1414. Hence

tan⁡α=4314,α=26.329…∘.\tan\alpha=\frac{4\sqrt3}{14}, \qquad \alpha=26.329\ldots^\circ.

The required bearing is 180∘+α=206∘180^\circ+\alpha=\boxed{206^\circ} to the nearest degree.