题目
Problem
5.
A particle is acted upon by two forces F \mathbf{F} F and G \mathbf{G} G . The force F \mathbf{F} F has magnitude 8 N 8\,\mathrm{N} 8 N and acts in a direction with a bearing of 240 ∘ 240^\circ 24 0 ∘ . The force G \mathbf{G} G has magnitude 10 N 10\,\mathrm{N} 10 N and acts due South.
Given that R = F + G \mathbf{R}=\mathbf{F}+\mathbf{G} R = F + G , find
(i) the magnitude of R \mathbf{R} R ,
(ii) the direction of R \mathbf{R} R , giving your answer as a bearing to the nearest degree.
(7)
题目中文翻译
两个力 F \mathbf{F} F 和 G \mathbf{G} G 作用在一个质点上。力 F \mathbf{F} F 的大小为 8 N 8\,\mathrm{N} 8 N ,方向的方位角为 240 ∘ 240^\circ 24 0 ∘ 。力 G \mathbf{G} G 的大小为 10 N 10\,\mathrm{N} 10 N ,方向为正南。
已知 R = F + G \mathbf{R}=\mathbf{F}+\mathbf{G} R = F + G ,求
(i) R \mathbf{R} R 的大小,
(ii) R \mathbf{R} R 的方向,以方位角表示,精确到最接近的整数度。
(7)
解答
(i)
解法一
思路
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两个力的方向夹角为 240 ∘ − 180 ∘ = 60 ∘ 240^\circ-180^\circ=60^\circ 24 0 ∘ − 18 0 ∘ = 6 0 ∘ 。首尾相接的力三角形内角为其补角,用余弦定理求合力大小。
答题过程
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The angle between the force directions is 60 ∘ 60^\circ 6 0 ∘ . In the triangle formed by placing the force vectors head to tail, the included interior angle is 120 ∘ 120^\circ 12 0 ∘ .
The cosine rule gives
∣ R ∣ 2 = 8 2 + 10 2 − 2 ( 8 ) ( 10 ) cos 120 ∘ = 244. |\mathbf{R}|^2=8^2+10^2-2(8)(10)\cos120^\circ=244. ∣ R ∣ 2 = 8 2 + 1 0 2 − 2 ( 8 ) ( 10 ) cos 12 0 ∘ = 244.
Hence ∣ R ∣ = 244 N ≈ 15.6 N \boxed{|\mathbf{R}|=\sqrt{244}\,\mathrm{N}\approx15.6\,\mathrm{N}} ∣ R ∣ = 244 N ≈ 15.6 N .
解法二
思路
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也可沿东西、南北分解。两个力都具有向南分量,而西向分量只来自 F \mathbf F F 。
答题过程
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Take i \mathbf{i} i east and j \mathbf{j} j north. Then
R = 8 sin 240 ∘ i + ( 8 cos 240 ∘ − 10 ) j = − 4 3 i − 14 j . \mathbf{R}=8\sin240^\circ\,\mathbf{i}
+(8\cos240^\circ-10)\mathbf{j}
=-4\sqrt3\,\mathbf{i}-14\mathbf{j}. R = 8 sin 24 0 ∘ i + ( 8 cos 24 0 ∘ − 10 ) j = − 4 3 i − 14 j .
Thus
∣ R ∣ = ( 4 3 ) 2 + 14 2 = 244 N ≈ 15.6 N . |\mathbf{R}|=\sqrt{(4\sqrt3)^2+14^2}
=\boxed{\sqrt{244}\,\mathrm{N}\approx15.6\,\mathrm{N}}. ∣ R ∣ = ( 4 3 ) 2 + 1 4 2 = 244 N ≈ 15.6 N .
(ii)
解法一
思路
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在力三角形中求合力与正南方向之间的夹角,再加上正南的方位角。余弦定理可直接确定这个锐角。
答题过程
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Let α \alpha α be the angle between R \mathbf{R} R and the southward force G \mathbf{G} G . From the force triangle in (i),
8 2 = 10 2 + 244 − 2 ( 10 ) 244 cos α . 8^2=10^2+244-2(10)\sqrt{244}\cos\alpha. 8 2 = 1 0 2 + 244 − 2 ( 10 ) 244 cos α .
Thus
cos α = 100 + 244 − 64 20 244 , α = 26.329 … ∘ . \cos\alpha=\frac{100+244-64}{20\sqrt{244}},
\qquad \alpha=26.329\ldots^\circ. cos α = 20 244 100 + 244 − 64 , α = 26.329 … ∘ .
The resultant is west of south, so its bearing is
180 ∘ + 26.329 … ∘ = 206 ∘ (nearest degree) . 180^\circ+26.329\ldots^\circ
=\boxed{206^\circ}\quad\text{(nearest degree)}. 18 0 ∘ + 26.329 … ∘ = 20 6 ∘ (nearest degree) .
解法二
思路
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由分量法可直接求正南偏西的角。注意方位角从正北顺时针量起。
答题过程
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From method 2 in (i), the westward component is 4 3 4\sqrt3 4 3 and the southward component is 14 14 14 . Hence
tan α = 4 3 14 , α = 26.329 … ∘ . \tan\alpha=\frac{4\sqrt3}{14},
\qquad \alpha=26.329\ldots^\circ. tan α = 14 4 3 , α = 26.329 … ∘ .
The required bearing is 180 ∘ + α = 206 ∘ 180^\circ+\alpha=\boxed{206^\circ} 18 0 ∘ + α = 20 6 ∘ to the nearest degree.