题目
7.
A helicopter is hovering at rest above horizontal ground at the point . A parachutist steps out of the helicopter and immediately falls vertically and freely under gravity from rest for . His parachute then opens and causes him to immediately decelerate at a constant rate of for seconds , until his speed is reduced to . He then moves with this constant speed until he hits the ground. While he is decelerating, he falls a distance of . The total time between the instant when he leaves and the instant when he hits the ground is .
The parachutist is modelled as a particle.
(a) Find the speed of the parachutist at the instant when his parachute opens.
(b) Sketch a speed-time graph for the motion of the parachutist from the instant when he leaves to the instant when he hits the ground.
(c) Find the value of .
(d) Find, to the nearest metre, the height of the point above the ground.
题目中文翻译
一架直升机在水平地面上方的 点静止悬停。一名跳伞者离开直升机,立即从静止开始,仅在重力作用下竖直下落 。随后降落伞打开,使他立即以恒定减速度 减速 秒(),直至速率减小到 。之后他以这一恒定速率 运动,直至着地。减速过程中,他下落的距离为 。从离开 点的瞬间到着地的瞬间,总时间为 。
将跳伞者视为质点。
(a) 求降落伞打开瞬间跳伞者的速率。
(b) 画出从离开 点到着地的运动过程的速率—时间图像草图。
(c) 求 的值。
(d) 求 点离地面的高度,精确到最接近的米。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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自由下落从静止开始,速率等于重力加速度乘下落时间。
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(b)
解法一
思路
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三段依次是匀加速、匀减速、匀速,对应上升直线、下降直线、水平线。下降段斜率的绝对值小于第一段,结束时仍在下落。
答题过程
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Label the horizontal axis (seconds) and the vertical axis speed (). Join the points
by straight line segments. The gradients are , and , respectively. Label , , , and ; do not add a vertical drop at .
(c)
解法一
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只对减速阶段列位移公式。解二次方程后,必须用题目给出的 排除另一个根。
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During deceleration, take downwards as positive. Using ,
Multiplying by and rearranging,
Thus or . The latter violates , so .
解法二
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也可以先用不含时间的公式求减速后的速率,再用速度公式求时间。下落没有反向,因此取正速率。
答题过程
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For the deceleration stage,
Since the parachutist continues to fall, . Therefore
which satisfies .
(d)
解法一
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高度等于速率图下三段面积和。中间路程已知,最后的匀速时间是总时间减去前两段时间。
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Using (c), the final speed is and the constant-speed stage lasts
The total height is the area under the speed-time graph:
Hence the height of is to the nearest metre.