Skip to content
CalcGospel 國際數學圖譜
返回

M1 2021 Jan Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

A helicopter is hovering at rest above horizontal ground at the point HH. A parachutist steps out of the helicopter and immediately falls vertically and freely under gravity from rest for 2.5 s2.5\,\mathrm{s}. His parachute then opens and causes him to immediately decelerate at a constant rate of 3.9 m s−23.9\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} for TT seconds (T<6)(T<6), until his speed is reduced to V m s−1V\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}. He then moves with this constant speed V m s−1V\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} until he hits the ground. While he is decelerating, he falls a distance of 73.75 m73.75\,\mathrm{m}. The total time between the instant when he leaves HH and the instant when he hits the ground is 20 s20\,\mathrm{s}.

The parachutist is modelled as a particle.

(a) Find the speed of the parachutist at the instant when his parachute opens.

(1)

(b) Sketch a speed-time graph for the motion of the parachutist from the instant when he leaves HH to the instant when he hits the ground.

(2)

(c) Find the value of TT.

(5)

(d) Find, to the nearest metre, the height of the point HH above the ground.

(4)
题目中文翻译

一架直升机在水平地面上方的 HH 点静止悬停。一名跳伞者离开直升机,立即从静止开始,仅在重力作用下竖直下落 2.5 s2.5\,\mathrm{s}。随后降落伞打开,使他立即以恒定减速度 3.9 m s−23.9\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} 减速 TT 秒(T<6T<6),直至速率减小到 V m s−1V\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}。之后他以这一恒定速率 V m s−1V\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 运动,直至着地。减速过程中,他下落的距离为 73.75 m73.75\,\mathrm{m}。从离开 HH 点的瞬间到着地的瞬间,总时间为 20 s20\,\mathrm{s}。

将跳伞者视为质点。

(a) 求降落伞打开瞬间跳伞者的速率。

(1)

(b) 画出从离开 HH 点到着地的运动过程的速率—时间图像草图。

(2)

(c) 求 TT 的值。

(5)

(d) 求 HH 点离地面的高度,精确到最接近的米。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

自由下落从静止开始,速率等于重力加速度乘下落时间。

答题过程

展开 v=gt=9.8(2.5)=24.5 m s−1.v=gt=9.8(2.5)=\boxed{24.5\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

三段依次是匀加速、匀减速、匀速,对应上升直线、下降直线、水平线。下降段斜率的绝对值小于第一段,结束时仍在下落。

答题过程

展开

Label the horizontal axis tt (seconds) and the vertical axis speed (m s−1\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}). Join the points

(0,0),(2.5,24.5),(2.5+T,V),(20,V)(0,0),\quad(2.5,24.5),\quad(2.5+T,V),\quad(20,V)

by straight line segments. The gradients are 9.89.8, −3.9-3.9 and 00, respectively. Label 2.52.5, 2.5+T2.5+T, 2020, 24.524.5 and VV; do not add a vertical drop at t=20t=20.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

只对减速阶段列位移公式。解二次方程后,必须用题目给出的 T<6T<6 排除另一个根。

答题过程

展开

During deceleration, take downwards as positive. Using s=ut+12at2s=ut+\tfrac12at^2,

73.75=24.5T−12(3.9)T2.73.75=24.5T-\frac12(3.9)T^2.

Multiplying by 2020 and rearranging,

39T2−490T+1475=0,(T−5)(39T−295)=0.39T^2-490T+1475=0, \qquad (T-5)(39T-295)=0.

Thus T=5T=5 or T=295/39=7.564…T=295/39=7.564\ldots. The latter violates T<6T<6, so T=5 s\boxed{T=5\,\mathrm{s}}.

解法二

思路

展开

也可以先用不含时间的公式求减速后的速率,再用速度公式求时间。下落没有反向,因此取正速率。

答题过程

展开

For the deceleration stage,

V2=24.52+2(−3.9)(73.75)=25.V^2=24.5^2+2(-3.9)(73.75)=25.

Since the parachutist continues to fall, V=5 m s−1V=5\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}. Therefore

5=24.5−3.9T,T=5 s,5=24.5-3.9T, \qquad \boxed{T=5\,\mathrm{s}},

which satisfies T<6T<6.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

高度等于速率图下三段面积和。中间路程已知,最后的匀速时间是总时间减去前两段时间。

答题过程

展开

Using (c), the final speed is V=24.5−3.9(5)=5 m s−1V=24.5-3.9(5)=5\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} and the constant-speed stage lasts

20−2.5−5=12.5 s.20-2.5-5=12.5\,\mathrm{s}.

The total height is the area under the speed-time graph:

H= 12(2.5)(24.5)+73.75+(12.5)(5)= 30.625+73.75+62.5= 166.875 m.\begin{align*} H=&\,\frac12(2.5)(24.5)+73.75+(12.5)(5)\\[4mm] =&\,30.625+73.75+62.5\\[4mm] =&\,166.875\,\mathrm{m}. \end{align*}

Hence the height of HH is 167 m\boxed{167\,\mathrm{m}} to the nearest metre.