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M1 2021 June Q8

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2021 June Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

8.

Two trams, tram AA and tram BB, run on parallel straight horizontal tracks. Initially the two trams are at rest in the depot and level with each other.

At time t=0t=0, tram AA starts to move. Tram AA moves with constant acceleration 2 m s−22\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} for 55 seconds and then continues to move along the track at constant speed.

At time t=20t=20 seconds, tram BB starts from rest and moves in the same direction as tram AA. Tram BB moves with constant acceleration 3 m s−23\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} for 44 seconds and then continues to move along the track at constant speed.

The trams are modelled as particles.

(a) Sketch, on the same axes, a speed-time graph for the motion of tram AA and a speed-time graph for the motion of tram BB, from t=0t=0 to the instant when tram BB overtakes tram AA.

(3)

At the instant when the two trams are moving with the same speed, tram AA is dd metres in front of tram BB.

(b) Find the value of dd.

(5)

(c) Find the distance of the trams from the depot at the instant when tram BB overtakes tram AA.

(5)
题目中文翻译

两辆电车 AA 和 BB 在互相平行的水平直轨道上行驶。起初,两车静止在车库内,位置相齐。

在 t=0t=0 时,电车 AA 开始运动。AA 以恒定加速度 2 m s−22\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} 运动 55 秒,然后沿轨道继续匀速运动。

在 t=20t=20 秒时,电车 BB 从静止出发,与 AA 同向运动。BB 以恒定加速度 3 m s−23\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} 运动 44 秒,然后沿轨道继续匀速运动。

将两辆电车视为质点。

(a) 在同一坐标系中,画出从 t=0t=0 到电车 BB 超过电车 AA 的瞬间,两车的速率—时间图像草图。

(3)

在两车速率相同的瞬间,电车 AA 在电车 BB 前方 dd 米处。

(b) 求 dd 的值。

(5)

(c) 求电车 BB 超过电车 AA 的瞬间,两车距车库的距离。

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先求两车加速结束时的速度。共用同一时间轴,BB 要延迟到 t=20t=20 才开始上升,且斜率更大;两图都画到追上时刻,不能在末端画速度突然降为零的竖线。

答题过程

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The constant speeds reached by the trams are

vA=2(5)=10 m s−1,vB=3(4)=12 m s−1.v_A=2(5)=10\ \mathrm{m\,s^{-1}},\qquad v_B=3(4)=12\ \mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}.

On the same axes, with time tt in seconds horizontally and speed vv in m s−1\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} vertically:

  • For AA, draw a straight line from (0,0)(0,0) to (5,10)(5,10), followed by a horizontal line at v=10v=10.
  • For BB, draw along v=0v=0 from t=0t=0 to t=20t=20, then a straight line to (24,12)(24,12), followed by a horizontal line at v=12v=12.
  • Label both graphs and the times 55, 2020 and 2424. The rising line for BB crosses the horizontal line for AA. Extend both graphs to the same final time when BB overtakes AA; neither speed drops to zero there.

(b)

解法一

思路

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两车行驶中速度相等时,AA 已匀速而 BB 仍在加速。先找到这一时刻,再分别用速度—时间图下的面积求距离并相减。

答题过程

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While BB is accelerating, its speed is 3(t−20)3(t-20). It reaches AA‘s speed of 10 m s−110\ \mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} when

3(t−20)=10,t=703 s.3(t-20)=10,\qquad t=\frac{70}{3}\ \mathrm s.

This is between 2020 and 2424 seconds, as required.

The distances travelled from the depot by this time are

sA= 12(5)(10)+10(703−5)=6253 m,sB= 12(703−20)(10)=503 m.\begin{align*} s_A=&\,\frac12(5)(10)+10\left(\frac{70}{3}-5\right)=\frac{625}{3}\ \mathrm m,\\ s_B=&\,\frac12\left(\frac{70}{3}-20\right)(10)=\frac{50}{3}\ \mathrm m. \end{align*}

Therefore

d=sA−sB=5753 m=19123 m.d=s_A-s_B=\frac{575}{3}\ \mathrm m=\boxed{191\frac23\ \mathrm m}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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BB 加速结束时仍落后,所以追上发生在两车都匀速之后。分别写从车库出发的总路程,令二者相等,再求共同位置。

答题过程

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At t=24t=24 s,

sA=25+10(24−5)=215 m,sB=12(4)(12)=24 m.s_A=25+10(24-5)=215\ \mathrm m,\qquad s_B=\frac12(4)(12)=24\ \mathrm m.

Thus BB is still behind AA. For t≥24t\geq24, the distances from the depot are

sA= 25+10(t−5)=10t−25,sB= 24+12(t−24)=12t−264.\begin{align*} s_A=&\,25+10(t-5)=10t-25,\\ s_B=&\,24+12(t-24)=12t-264. \end{align*}

At overtaking these distances are equal, so

10t−25= 12t−264,2t= 239,t= 119.5 s.\begin{align*} 10t-25=&\,12t-264,\\ 2t=&\,239,\\ t=&\,119.5\ \mathrm s. \end{align*}

Since 119.5>24119.5>24, the assumed stages of motion are valid. The distance from the depot is

s=10(119.5)−25=1170 m.s=10(119.5)-25=\boxed{1170\ \mathrm m}.