题目
2.
A particle of mass is moving on a rough horizontal plane when it collides directly with a particle of mass which is at rest on the plane. The speed of immediately before the collision is . The speed of immediately after the collision is .
(a) Find, in terms of , the speed of immediately after the collision.
(b) State clearly the direction of motion of immediately after the collision.
Following the collision, comes to rest after travelling a distance along the plane.
The coefficient of friction between and the plane is .
(c) Find the value of .
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 的质点 在粗糙水平面上运动,与静止在平面上、质量为 的质点 发生正碰。碰撞前一瞬间, 的速率为 。碰撞后瞬间, 的速率为 。
(a) 用 表示碰撞后瞬间 的速率。
(b) 清楚说明碰撞后瞬间 的运动方向。
碰撞后, 沿平面运动距离 后静止。
与平面之间的摩擦系数为 。
(c) 求 的值。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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以 原来的运动方向为正,碰撞瞬间对两粒子用动量守恒。求出的有符号速度可能为负,但速率要取其大小。
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Take the initial direction of as positive, and let its velocity immediately after the collision be .
Conserving momentum over the collision,
The speed of is therefore .
(b)
解法一
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承接上一问,速度为负说明方向与选定正方向相反。要明确指出它相对于碰撞前的方向已经反向。
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Since , moves in the direction opposite to its original direction of motion. Its direction is reversed by the collision.
(c)
解法一
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碰撞后的滑行过程中,摩擦力是唯一的水平力。用支持力求摩擦力,再求恒定减速度,最后把停止距离代入速度平方公式。
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For , vertical equilibrium gives . Thus the frictional force is .
Taking the direction of motion of as positive, its acceleration is given by
Using for the motion from speed to rest,
解法二
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也可以先用匀减速运动的平均速度求停止时间,再把摩擦力的冲量等于动量变化,直接求摩擦系数。
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The normal reaction on is , so friction has magnitude .
Let the stopping time be . Since the deceleration is constant, the average speed is . Hence
Taking the original direction of as positive, impulse equals change in momentum: