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M1 2021 Oct Q2

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

A particle PP of mass 2m2m is moving on a rough horizontal plane when it collides directly with a particle QQ of mass 4m4m which is at rest on the plane. The speed of PP immediately before the collision is 3u3u. The speed of QQ immediately after the collision is 2u2u.

(a) Find, in terms of uu, the speed of PP immediately after the collision.

(3)

(b) State clearly the direction of motion of PP immediately after the collision.

(1)

Following the collision, QQ comes to rest after travelling a distance 6u2g\frac{6u^2}{g} along the plane.

The coefficient of friction between QQ and the plane is μ\mu.

(c) Find the value of μ\mu.

(6)
题目中文翻译

一个质量为 2m2m 的质点 PP 在粗糙水平面上运动,与静止在平面上、质量为 4m4m 的质点 QQ 发生正碰。碰撞前一瞬间,PP 的速率为 3u3u。碰撞后瞬间,QQ 的速率为 2u2u。

(a) 用 uu 表示碰撞后瞬间 PP 的速率。

(3)

(b) 清楚说明碰撞后瞬间 PP 的运动方向。

(1)

碰撞后,QQ 沿平面运动距离 6u2g\frac{6u^2}{g} 后静止。

QQ 与平面之间的摩擦系数为 μ\mu。

(c) 求 μ\mu 的值。

(6)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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以 PP 原来的运动方向为正,碰撞瞬间对两粒子用动量守恒。求出的有符号速度可能为负,但速率要取其大小。

答题过程

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Take the initial direction of PP as positive, and let its velocity immediately after the collision be vv.

Conserving momentum over the collision,

2m(3u)+4m(0)= 2mv+4m(2u),6u= 2v+8u,v= −u.\begin{align*} 2m(3u)+4m(0)=&\,2mv+4m(2u),\\ 6u=&\,2v+8u,\\ v=&\,-u. \end{align*}

The speed of PP is therefore u\boxed{u}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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承接上一问,速度为负说明方向与选定正方向相反。要明确指出它相对于碰撞前的方向已经反向。

答题过程

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Since v=−uv=-u, PP moves in the direction opposite to its original direction of motion. Its direction is reversed by the collision.

(c)

解法一

思路

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碰撞后的滑行过程中,摩擦力是唯一的水平力。用支持力求摩擦力,再求恒定减速度,最后把停止距离代入速度平方公式。

答题过程

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For QQ, vertical equilibrium gives R=4mgR=4mg. Thus the frictional force is F=μR=4μmgF=\mu R=4\mu mg.

Taking the direction of motion of QQ as positive, its acceleration is given by

−4μmg=4ma,a=−μg.-4\mu mg=4ma,\qquad a=-\mu g.

Using v2=u02+2asv^2=u_0^2+2as for the motion from speed 2u2u to rest,

0= (2u)2+2(−μg)(6u2g),0= 4u2−12μu2,μ= 13.\begin{align*} 0=&\,(2u)^2+2(-\mu g)\left(\frac{6u^2}{g}\right),\\ 0=&\,4u^2-12\mu u^2,\\ \mu=&\,\boxed{\frac13}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以先用匀减速运动的平均速度求停止时间,再把摩擦力的冲量等于动量变化,直接求摩擦系数。

答题过程

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The normal reaction on QQ is R=4mgR=4mg, so friction has magnitude 4μmg4\mu mg.

Let the stopping time be τ\tau. Since the deceleration is constant, the average speed is (2u+0)/2=u(2u+0)/2=u. Hence

6u2g=uτ,τ=6ug.\frac{6u^2}{g}=u\tau,\qquad \tau=\frac{6u}{g}.

Taking the original direction of QQ as positive, impulse equals change in momentum:

−4μmgτ= 4m(0−2u),−4μmg(6ug)= −8mu,μ= 13.\begin{align*} -4\mu mg\tau=&\,4m(0-2u),\\ -4\mu mg\left(\frac{6u}{g}\right)=&\,-8mu,\\ \mu=&\,\boxed{\frac13}. \end{align*}