题目
6.
A small ball is thrown vertically upwards at time from a point which is above horizontal ground. The ball hits the ground later.
The ball is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.
The velocity-time graph shown in Figure 3 represents the motion of the ball for .
(a) Find the speed with which the ball is thrown.
(b) Find the height of above the ground.
题目中文翻译
在 时,一个小球从水平地面上方的 点竖直向上抛出。小球在 后撞击地面。
将小球视为仅在重力作用下运动的质点。
图 3 中的速度—时间图像表示小球在 内的运动。
(a) 求小球被抛出时的速率。
(b) 求 点离地面的高度。
解答
(a)
解法一
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速度—时间图在 时过横轴,说明此时到达最高点、速度为零。用加速度 求初速度。
答题过程
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Take upwards as positive. From the graph, the velocity is zero at s.
Using ,
(b)
解法一
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从抛出点到地面的总位移为负高度。把总时间 秒代入位移公式,再把负位移转为正的高度。
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Let the height of above the ground be metres. Taking upwards as positive, the displacement from to the ground is .
Therefore
Hence .
解法二
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图下的有符号面积是位移。上升和下降分别形成三角形,下降的面积大于上升的面积,其差就是抛出点的高度。
答题过程
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The downward speed at is
The upward displacement is the area above the time axis:
The downward distance is the magnitude of the area below the axis:
Thus the initial height is
解法三
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也可以利用竖直上抛的对称性:回到 时的速率等于初速,时间为到最高点时间的两倍。余下两秒从 向下运动,直接算高度。
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The ball takes s to reach its highest point and another s to return to the level of .
It therefore passes downwards at s with speed . The remaining time to reach the ground is s.
Taking downwards as positive over this final interval,