题目
7.
One end of a light inextensible string is attached to a particle of mass . The other end of the string is attached to a particle of mass . The string passes over a small, smooth, light pulley which is fixed at the top of a rough inclined plane. The plane is inclined to the horizontal at an angle , where .
Particle is held at rest on the plane with the string taut and hanging freely below , as shown in Figure 4. The section of the string is parallel to a line of greatest slope of the plane.
The coefficient of friction between and the plane is .
Particle is released and begins to move up the plane.
For the motion before reaches the pulley,
(a) (i) write down an equation of motion for ,
(ii) write down an equation of motion for ,
(b) find, in terms of , the acceleration of ,
(c) find the magnitude of the force exerted on the pulley by the string.
(d) State how you have used the information that is a smooth pulley.
题目中文翻译
一根轻且不可伸长的细绳,一端连接质量为 的质点 ,另一端连接质量为 的质点 。细绳绕过固定在粗糙斜面顶端的光滑轻质小滑轮 。斜面与水平面成 角,其中 。
如图 4 所示,质点 被保持静止在斜面上,细绳绷紧, 自由悬挂在 下方。绳段 平行于斜面的一条最大坡度线。
与斜面之间的摩擦系数为 。
释放质点 ,它开始沿斜面向上运动。
针对 到达滑轮之前的运动,
(a) (i) 写出 的一个运动方程,
(ii) 写出 的一个运动方程,
(b) 用 表示 的加速度,
(c) 求细绳对滑轮施加的力的大小。
(d) 说明如何使用了“ 是光滑滑轮”这一条件。
解答
(a)(i)
解法一
思路
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绳子不可伸长且绷紧,两个粒子的加速度大小相同。对 沿斜面向上取正,摩擦力与重力分量都向下。
答题过程
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Let be the common magnitude of acceleration, the tension and the frictional force on .
Resolving up the plane for ,
(a)(ii)
解法一
思路
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随 上滑而向下运动,对它向下取正。重力向下,张力向上。
答题过程
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Taking downwards as positive for , Newton’s second law gives
(b)
解法一
思路
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先由垂直斜面方向求支持力,再求滑动摩擦力。把两个运动方程相加消去张力,得到整个系统的加速度。
答题过程
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Since , and .
For , resolving perpendicular to the plane gives
Thus
Adding the equations from (a),
The acceleration of is up the plane.
(c)
解法一
思路
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先由 的运动方程求张力。滑轮同时受到两段绳子的拉力,方向分别沿斜面向下和竖直向下,要求的是两力的向量合力,不能直接相加大小。
答题过程
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From the equation for ,
The string pulls the pulley down the plane with force , and vertically downwards with force .
The horizontal component of their resultant has magnitude , and the downward vertical component is . Therefore the resultant magnitude is
解法二
思路
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两个张力大小相等,合力沿两力夹角的角平分线。把每个力投影到角平分线上,可直接得到合力大小。
答题过程
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The tension is
The angle between the downward vertical string and the string directed down the plane is . Equal tensions have a resultant along the bisector, of magnitude
Using the half-angle identity,
The half-angle is acute, so its cosine is . Hence
(d)
解法一
思路
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光滑条件用于张力:绳子跨过滑轮时没有摩擦,所以滑轮两侧张力相同。
答题过程
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The tension is the same on either side of the smooth pulley.