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M1 2021 Oct Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

One end of a light inextensible string is attached to a particle AA of mass 2m2m. The other end of the string is attached to a particle BB of mass 3m3m. The string passes over a small, smooth, light pulley PP which is fixed at the top of a rough inclined plane. The plane is inclined to the horizontal at an angle α\alpha, where tan⁡α=34\tan\alpha=\frac{3}{4}.

Particle AA is held at rest on the plane with the string taut and BB hanging freely below PP, as shown in Figure 4. The section of the string APAP is parallel to a line of greatest slope of the plane.

The coefficient of friction between AA and the plane is 12\frac{1}{2}.

Particle AA is released and begins to move up the plane.

For the motion before AA reaches the pulley,

(a) (i) write down an equation of motion for AA,

(ii) write down an equation of motion for BB,

(4)

(b) find, in terms of gg, the acceleration of AA,

(5)

(c) find the magnitude of the force exerted on the pulley by the string.

(4)

(d) State how you have used the information that PP is a smooth pulley.

(1)
题目中文翻译

一根轻且不可伸长的细绳,一端连接质量为 2m2m 的质点 AA,另一端连接质量为 3m3m 的质点 BB。细绳绕过固定在粗糙斜面顶端的光滑轻质小滑轮 PP。斜面与水平面成 α\alpha 角,其中 tan⁡α=34\tan\alpha=\frac{3}{4}。

如图 4 所示,质点 AA 被保持静止在斜面上,细绳绷紧,BB 自由悬挂在 PP 下方。绳段 APAP 平行于斜面的一条最大坡度线。

AA 与斜面之间的摩擦系数为 12\frac{1}{2}。

释放质点 AA,它开始沿斜面向上运动。

针对 AA 到达滑轮之前的运动,

(a) (i) 写出 AA 的一个运动方程,

(ii) 写出 BB 的一个运动方程,

(4)

(b) 用 gg 表示 AA 的加速度,

(5)

(c) 求细绳对滑轮施加的力的大小。

(4)

(d) 说明如何使用了“PP 是光滑滑轮”这一条件。

(1)

解答

(a)(i)

解法一

思路

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绳子不可伸长且绷紧,两个粒子的加速度大小相同。对 AA 沿斜面向上取正,摩擦力与重力分量都向下。

答题过程

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Let aa be the common magnitude of acceleration, TT the tension and FF the frictional force on AA.

Resolving up the plane for AA,

T−2mgsin⁡α−F=2ma.\boxed{T-2mg\sin\alpha-F=2ma}.

(a)(ii)

解法一

思路

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BB 随 AA 上滑而向下运动,对它向下取正。重力向下,张力向上。

答题过程

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Taking downwards as positive for BB, Newton’s second law gives

3mg−T=3ma.\boxed{3mg-T=3ma}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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先由垂直斜面方向求支持力,再求滑动摩擦力。把两个运动方程相加消去张力,得到整个系统的加速度。

答题过程

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Since tan⁡α=3/4\tan\alpha=3/4, sin⁡α=3/5\sin\alpha=3/5 and cos⁡α=4/5\cos\alpha=4/5.

For AA, resolving perpendicular to the plane gives

R=2mgcos⁡α=8mg5.R=2mg\cos\alpha=\frac{8mg}{5}.

Thus

F=12R=4mg5.F=\frac12R=\frac{4mg}{5}.

Adding the equations from (a),

3mg−2mgsin⁡α−F= 5ma,3mg−6mg5−4mg5= 5ma,mg= 5ma,a= g5.\begin{align*} 3mg-2mg\sin\alpha-F=&\,5ma,\\ 3mg-\frac{6mg}{5}-\frac{4mg}{5}=&\,5ma,\\ mg=&\,5ma,\\ a=&\,\boxed{\frac g5}. \end{align*}

The acceleration of AA is g/5g/5 up the plane.

(c)

解法一

思路

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先由 BB 的运动方程求张力。滑轮同时受到两段绳子的拉力,方向分别沿斜面向下和竖直向下,要求的是两力的向量合力,不能直接相加大小。

答题过程

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From the equation for BB,

T=3mg−3m(g5)=12mg5.T=3mg-3m\left(\frac g5\right)=\frac{12mg}{5}.

The string pulls the pulley down the plane with force TT, and vertically downwards with force TT.

The horizontal component of their resultant has magnitude Tcos⁡αT\cos\alpha, and the downward vertical component is T+Tsin⁡αT+T\sin\alpha. Therefore the resultant magnitude is

P= (Tcos⁡α)2+(T+Tsin⁡α)2,P= T(45)2+(1+35)2,P= 455T=48525mg.\begin{align*} P=&\,\sqrt{(T\cos\alpha)^2+(T+T\sin\alpha)^2},\\ P=&\,T\sqrt{\left(\frac45\right)^2+\left(1+\frac35\right)^2},\\ P=&\,\frac{4\sqrt5}{5}T =\boxed{\frac{48\sqrt5}{25}mg}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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两个张力大小相等,合力沿两力夹角的角平分线。把每个力投影到角平分线上,可直接得到合力大小。

答题过程

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The tension is

T=3mg−3m(g5)=12mg5.T=3mg-3m\left(\frac g5\right)=\frac{12mg}{5}.

The angle between the downward vertical string and the string directed down the plane is 90∘−α90^\circ-\alpha. Equal tensions have a resultant along the bisector, of magnitude

P=2Tcos⁡(90∘−α2).P=2T\cos\left(\frac{90^\circ-\alpha}{2}\right).

Using the half-angle identity,

cos⁡2(90∘−α2)= 1+cos⁡(90∘−α)2,= 1+sin⁡α2=45.\begin{align*} \cos^2\left(\frac{90^\circ-\alpha}{2}\right)=&\,\frac{1+\cos(90^\circ-\alpha)}2,\\ =&\,\frac{1+\sin\alpha}{2}=\frac45. \end{align*}

The half-angle is acute, so its cosine is 2/52/\sqrt5. Hence

P=2(12mg5)25=48525mg.P=2\left(\frac{12mg}{5}\right)\frac2{\sqrt5} =\boxed{\frac{48\sqrt5}{25}mg}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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光滑条件用于张力:绳子跨过滑轮时没有摩擦,所以滑轮两侧张力相同。

答题过程

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The tension is the same on either side of the smooth pulley.