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M1 2021 Oct Q8

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

8.

[In this question i\mathbf{i} and j\mathbf{j} are horizontal unit vectors directed due east and due north respectively and position vectors are given relative to a fixed origin.]

At 7 am a ship leaves a port and moves with constant velocity. The position vector of the port is (−2i+9j) km(-2\mathbf{i}+9\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km}.

At 7.36 am the ship is at the point with position vector (4i+6j) km(4\mathbf{i}+6\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km}.

(a) Show that the velocity of the ship is (10i−5j) km h−1(10\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}}.

(2)

(b) Find the position vector of the ship tt hours after leaving port.

(2)

At 8.48 am a passenger on the ship notices that a lighthouse is due east of the ship.

At 9 am the same passenger notices that the lighthouse is now north east of the ship.

(c) Find the position vector of the lighthouse.

(4)

(d) Find the position vector of the ship when it is due south of the lighthouse.

(4)
题目中文翻译

[本题中,i\mathbf{i} 和 j\mathbf{j} 分别为指向正东和正北的水平单位向量,位置向量均相对于固定原点给出。]

上午 7 时,一艘船离开港口,以恒定速度航行。港口的位置向量为 (−2i+9j) km(-2\mathbf{i}+9\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km}。

上午 7 时 36 分,船的位置向量为 (4i+6j) km(4\mathbf{i}+6\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km}。

(a) 证明船的速度为 (10i−5j) km h−1(10\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}}。

(2)

(b) 求船离港 tt 小时后的位置向量。

(2)

上午 8 时 48 分,船上一名乘客注意到一座灯塔位于船的正东方向。

上午 9 时,同一名乘客注意到灯塔此时位于船的东北方向。

(c) 求灯塔的位置向量。

(4)

(d) 求船位于灯塔正南方时的位置向量。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先把 3636 分钟换成小时,再用位移向量除以时间。证明题要写清位移的相减和除法过程。

答题过程

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The time elapsed is 36/60=0.636/60=0.6 h. Since the velocity is constant,

v= (4i+6j)−(−2i+9j)0.6,= 6i−3j0.6,= (10i−5j) km h−1,\begin{align*} \mathbf v=&\,\frac{(4\mathbf i+6\mathbf j)-(-2\mathbf i+9\mathbf j)}{0.6},\\ =&\,\frac{6\mathbf i-3\mathbf j}{0.6},\\ =&\,(10\mathbf i-5\mathbf j)\ \mathrm{km\,h^{-1}}, \end{align*}

as required.

(b)

解法一

思路

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匀速运动的位置等于初始位置加上速度乘时间。这里的时间原点是上午 77 时离港。

答题过程

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Using r=r0+tv\mathbf r=\mathbf r_0+t\mathbf v,

r=(−2+10t)i+(9−5t)j km.\boxed{\mathbf r=(-2+10t)\mathbf i+(9-5t)\mathbf j\ \mathrm{km}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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灯塔在船的正东,说明二者南北坐标相同;灯塔在船的东北,说明从船到灯塔的向东、向北位移相等且都为正。依次使用两个时刻的信息。

答题过程

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At 8.48 am, t=1.8t=1.8 h and the ship’s position is

r(1.8)=(−2+18)i+(9−9)j=16i km.\mathbf r(1.8)=(-2+18)\mathbf i+(9-9)\mathbf j=16\mathbf i\ \mathrm{km}.

The lighthouse is due east of the ship, so its north coordinate is zero. Write its position as xix\mathbf i km, where x>16x>16.

At 9 am, t=2t=2 h and the ship is at

r(2)=18i−j km.\mathbf r(2)=18\mathbf i-\mathbf j\ \mathrm{km}.

The displacement from the ship to the lighthouse is then

(x−18)i+j.(x-18)\mathbf i+\mathbf j.

For the lighthouse to be north east of the ship, its east and north components must be equal and positive. Therefore

x−18=1,x=19.x-18=1,\qquad x=19.

Hence the lighthouse has position vector 19i km\boxed{19\mathbf i\ \mathrm{km}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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船在灯塔正南方时,东西坐标相同。求出时间后代入完整位置向量,并检查船的南北坐标确实小于灯塔。

答题过程

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The ship is due south of the lighthouse when its east coordinate is 19 km. Thus

−2+10t=19,t=2.1 h.-2+10t=19,\qquad t=2.1\ \mathrm h.

Its position is then

r(2.1)= (−2+21)i+(9−10.5)j,= (19i−1.5j) km.\begin{align*} \mathbf r(2.1)=&\,(-2+21)\mathbf i+(9-10.5)\mathbf j,\\ =&\,\boxed{(19\mathbf i-1.5\mathbf j)\ \mathrm{km}}. \end{align*}

The ship is 1.5 km south of the lighthouse, confirming the required direction.