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M1 2022 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2022 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

A particle PP has mass kmkm and a particle QQ has mass mm. The particles are moving towards each other in opposite directions along the same straight line when they collide directly.

Immediately before the collision, PP has speed 3u3u and QQ has speed uu.

As a result of the collision, the direction of motion of each particle is reversed and the speed of each particle is halved.

(a) Find the value of kk.

(4)

(b) Find, in terms of mm and uu, the magnitude of the impulse exerted on QQ in the collision.

(3)
题目中文翻译

质点 PP 的质量为 kmkm,质点 QQ 的质量为 mm。它们沿同一直线相向运动,并发生正碰。

碰撞前一瞬间,PP 的速率为 3u3u,QQ 的速率为 uu。

碰撞使两个质点的运动方向均反转,且各自的速率均减半。

(a) 求 kk 的值。

(4)

(b) 用 mm 和 uu 表示碰撞过程中 QQ 所受冲量的大小。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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统一正方向后,将“反向且速率减半”分别转成带符号的速度,再用动量守恒。

答题过程

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Take the initial direction of PP as positive. Before the collision the velocities of PP and QQ are 3u3u and −u-u; afterwards they are −3u/2-3u/2 and u/2u/2 respectively.

Conservation of momentum gives

km(3u)+m(−u)= km(−3u2)+m(u2),3k−1= −3k2+12,6k−2= −3k+1,k= 13.\begin{align*} km(3u)+m(-u)=&\,km\left(-\frac{3u}{2}\right)+m\left(\frac u2\right),\\ 3k-1=&\,-\frac{3k}{2}+\frac12,\\ 6k-2=&\,-3k+1,\\ k=&\,\boxed{\frac13}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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冲量等于 QQ 的动量变化。因为 QQ 反向,速度变化不是两个速率之差。

答题过程

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Using the same positive direction as in (a), the impulse on QQ is

IQ=m(u2−(−u))=32mu.I_Q=m\left(\frac u2-(-u)\right)=\frac32mu.

Its magnitude is 32mu\boxed{\dfrac32mu}.

解法二

思路

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也可由 PP 的动量变化求其所受冲量,再用相互作用冲量等大反向,得到 QQ 的冲量大小。

答题过程

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The mass of PP is km=m/3km=m/3. Its change in momentum is

IP=m3(−3u2−3u)=−32mu.I_P=\frac m3\left(-\frac{3u}{2}-3u\right)=-\frac32mu.

The impulses on PP and QQ are equal and opposite. Therefore the magnitude of the impulse on QQ is 32mu\boxed{\dfrac32mu}.