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M1 2022 Jan Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2022 Jan Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

A particle PP of mass 4m4m lies on the surface of a fixed rough inclined plane.

The plane is inclined to the horizontal at an angle α\alpha where tan⁡α=34\tan\alpha=\frac{3}{4}.

The particle PP is attached to one end of a light inextensible string.

The string passes over a small smooth pulley that is fixed at the top of the plane.

The other end of the string is attached to a particle QQ of mass mm which lies on a smooth horizontal plane.

The string lies along the horizontal plane and in the vertical plane that contains the pulley and a line of greatest slope of the inclined plane.

The system is released from rest with the string taut, as shown in Figure 4, and PP moves down the plane.

The coefficient of friction between PP and the plane is 14\frac{1}{4}.

For the motion before QQ reaches the pulley

(a) write down an equation of motion for QQ,

(1)

(b) find, in terms of mm and gg, the tension in the string,

(7)

(c) find the magnitude of the force exerted on the pulley by the string.

(4)

(d) State where in your working you have used the information that the string is light.

(1)
题目中文翻译

一个质量为 4m4m 的质点 PP 位于固定粗糙斜面的表面上。

斜面与水平面成 α\alpha 角,其中 tan⁡α=34\tan\alpha=\frac{3}{4}。

质点 PP 连接在一根轻且不可伸长的细绳的一端。

细绳绕过固定在斜面顶端的光滑小滑轮。

绳的另一端连接一个质量为 mm 的质点 QQ,QQ 位于光滑水平面上。

细绳沿水平面放置,并位于包含滑轮及斜面一条最大坡度线的竖直平面内。

如图 4 所示,系统从静止释放,细绳绷紧,PP 沿斜面向下运动。

PP 与斜面之间的摩擦系数为 14\frac{1}{4}。

针对 QQ 到达滑轮之前的运动,

(a) 写出 QQ 的一个运动方程,

(1)

(b) 用 mm 和 gg 表示细绳中的张力,

(7)

(c) 求细绳对滑轮施加的力的大小。

(4)

(d) 指出在计算的哪一步使用了“细绳是轻绳”这一条件。

(1)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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水平面光滑,QQ 的唯一水平力是张力。沿朝向滑轮的方向取正,直接写牛顿第二定律。

答题过程

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Let TT be the tension and aa the acceleration of QQ towards the pulley. Then

T=ma.\boxed{T=ma}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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对斜面上的 PP 求支持力和摩擦力。PP 下滑,所以摩擦力沿斜面向上。用共同加速度和上一问的方程消去加速度,求张力。

答题过程

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The string is taut and inextensible, so the acceleration of PP down the plane also has magnitude aa.

Since sin⁡α=3/5\sin\alpha=3/5 and cos⁡α=4/5\cos\alpha=4/5, resolving perpendicular to the plane for PP gives

R=4mgcos⁡α=16mg5.R=4mg\cos\alpha=\frac{16mg}{5}.

Friction acts up the plane, with magnitude

F=14R=4mg5.F=\frac14R=\frac{4mg}{5}.

Resolving down the plane for PP,

4mgsin⁡α−T−F= 4ma,12mg5−T−4mg5= 4ma,8mg5−T= 4ma.\begin{align*} 4mg\sin\alpha-T-F=&\,4ma,\\ \frac{12mg}{5}-T-\frac{4mg}{5}=&\,4ma,\\ \frac{8mg}{5}-T=&\,4ma. \end{align*}

Using T=maT=ma from (a),

8mg5=5T,T=8mg25.\frac{8mg}{5}=5T,\qquad \boxed{T=\frac{8mg}{25}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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滑轮受到一段水平向右的拉力和一段沿斜面向下的拉力。它们的水平分量部分抵消,竖直分量向下;把合力的两个分量分别写出。

答题过程

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The string exerts two forces of magnitude TT on the pulley: one horizontally to the right, and one down the inclined plane to the left.

Their resultant has horizontal component T−Tcos⁡αT-T\cos\alpha to the right and vertical component Tsin⁡αT\sin\alpha downwards. Its magnitude is

P= (T−Tcos⁡α)2+(Tsin⁡α)2,= T(1−45)2+(35)2,= 105T=810125mg.\begin{align*} P=&\,\sqrt{(T-T\cos\alpha)^2+(T\sin\alpha)^2},\\ =&\,T\sqrt{\left(1-\frac45\right)^2+\left(\frac35\right)^2},\\ =&\,\frac{\sqrt{10}}5T =\boxed{\frac{8\sqrt{10}}{125}mg}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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两个拉力大小相等,夹角为 180∘−α180^\circ-\alpha,所以合力沿角平分线。利用半角公式,可直接化简合力大小。

答题过程

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The angle between the two tensions acting on the pulley is 180∘−α180^\circ-\alpha. The resultant of two equal forces has magnitude

P=2Tcos⁡(180∘−α2)=2Tsin⁡α2.P=2T\cos\left(\frac{180^\circ-\alpha}{2}\right)=2T\sin\frac\alpha2.

Since α\alpha is acute,

sin⁡α2=1−cos⁡α2=1−4/52=110.\sin\frac\alpha2=\sqrt{\frac{1-\cos\alpha}{2}} =\sqrt{\frac{1-4/5}{2}}=\frac1{\sqrt{10}}.

Therefore

P=2T10=210(8mg25)=810125mg.P=\frac{2T}{\sqrt{10}} =\frac2{\sqrt{10}}\left(\frac{8mg}{25}\right) =\boxed{\frac{8\sqrt{10}}{125}mg}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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轻绳条件用于同一段绳内的张力一致。跨过滑轮两侧张力相同还用到了滑轮光滑,应准确指出轻绳本身承担的作用。

答题过程

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In (a) and (b), the string being light was used to take the tension as constant throughout each section of the string.