题目
Problem
8.
[In this question i \mathbf{i} i and j \mathbf{j} j are horizontal unit vectors directed due east and due north respectively and position vectors are given relative to a fixed origin.]
A ship A A A moves with constant velocity ( 3 i − 10 j ) k m h − 1 (3\mathbf{i}-10\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} ( 3 i − 10 j ) km h − 1 .
At time t t t hours, the position vector of A A A is r k m \mathbf{r}\,\mathrm{km} r km .
At time t = 0 t=0 t = 0 , A A A is at the point with position vector ( 13 i + 5 j ) k m (13\mathbf{i}+5\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km} ( 13 i + 5 j ) km .
(a) Find r \mathbf{r} r in terms of t t t .
(2)
Another ship B B B moves with constant velocity ( 15 i + 14 j ) k m h − 1 (15\mathbf{i}+14\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} ( 15 i + 14 j ) km h − 1 .
At time t = 0 t=0 t = 0 , B B B is at the point with position vector ( 3 i − 5 j ) k m (3\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km} ( 3 i − 5 j ) km .
(b) Show that, at time t t t hours,
A B → = [ ( 12 t − 10 ) i + ( 24 t − 10 ) j ] k m \overrightarrow{AB}=\big[(12t-10)\mathbf{i}+(24t-10)\mathbf{j}\big]\,\mathrm{km} A B = [ ( 12 t − 10 ) i + ( 24 t − 10 ) j ] km
(4)
Given that the two ships do not change course,
(c) find the shortest distance between the two ships,
(6)
(d) find the bearing of ship B B B from ship A A A when the ships are closest.
(2)
题目中文翻译
[本题中,i \mathbf{i} i 和 j \mathbf{j} j 分别为指向正东和正北的水平单位向量,位置向量均相对于固定原点给出。]
船 A A A 以恒定速度 ( 3 i − 10 j ) k m h − 1 (3\mathbf{i}-10\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} ( 3 i − 10 j ) km h − 1 航行。
在 t t t 小时时,A A A 的位置向量为 r k m \mathbf{r}\,\mathrm{km} r km 。
在 t = 0 t=0 t = 0 时,A A A 的位置向量为 ( 13 i + 5 j ) k m (13\mathbf{i}+5\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km} ( 13 i + 5 j ) km 。
(a) 用 t t t 表示 r \mathbf{r} r 。
(2)
另一艘船 B B B 以恒定速度 ( 15 i + 14 j ) k m h − 1 (15\mathbf{i}+14\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} ( 15 i + 14 j ) km h − 1 航行。
在 t = 0 t=0 t = 0 时,B B B 的位置向量为 ( 3 i − 5 j ) k m (3\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km} ( 3 i − 5 j ) km 。
(b) 证明在 t t t 小时时,
A B → = [ ( 12 t − 10 ) i + ( 24 t − 10 ) j ] k m \overrightarrow{AB}=\big[(12t-10)\mathbf{i}+(24t-10)\mathbf{j}\big]\,\mathrm{km} A B = [ ( 12 t − 10 ) i + ( 24 t − 10 ) j ] km
(4)
已知两船均不改变航向,
(c) 求两船之间的最短距离,
(6)
(d) 求两船距离最近时,船 B B B 相对于船 A A A 的方位角。
(2)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
船 A A A 匀速航行,位置等于初始位置向量加上速度向量乘以时间。
答题过程
展开
Using initial position plus velocity multiplied by time,
r = ( 13 i + 5 j ) + t ( 3 i − 10 j ) k m . \boxed{\mathbf r=(13\mathbf i+5\mathbf j)+t(3\mathbf i-10\mathbf j)\ \mathrm{km}}. r = ( 13 i + 5 j ) + t ( 3 i − 10 j ) km .
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
先写船 B B B 的位置,再用终点位置减起点位置得到从 A A A 指向 B B B 的向量。证明题应展示两个分量的相减。
答题过程
展开
The position vector of B B B is
s = ( 3 + 15 t ) i + ( − 5 + 14 t ) j k m . \mathbf s=(3+15t)\mathbf i+(-5+14t)\mathbf j\ \mathrm{km}. s = ( 3 + 15 t ) i + ( − 5 + 14 t ) j km .
Hence
A B → = s − r , = [ ( 3 + 15 t ) − ( 13 + 3 t ) ] i + [ ( − 5 + 14 t ) − ( 5 − 10 t ) ] j , = [ ( 12 t − 10 ) i + ( 24 t − 10 ) j ] k m , \begin{align*}
\overrightarrow{AB}=&\,\mathbf s-\mathbf r,\\
=&\,\bigl[(3+15t)-(13+3t)\bigr]\mathbf i+\bigl[(-5+14t)-(5-10t)\bigr]\mathbf j,\\
=&\,\bigl[(12t-10)\mathbf i+(24t-10)\mathbf j\bigr]\ \mathrm{km},
\end{align*} A B = = = s − r , [ ( 3 + 15 t ) − ( 13 + 3 t ) ] i + [ ( − 5 + 14 t ) − ( 5 − 10 t ) ] j , [ ( 12 t − 10 ) i + ( 24 t − 10 ) j ] km ,
as required.
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
距离的平方与距离在同一时刻达到最小。把距离平方配方,利用平方项非负,既可得到最小值,也可直接证明这是全局最小值。
答题过程
展开
Let D D D be the distance between the ships in kilometres. Then
D 2 = ( 12 t − 10 ) 2 + ( 24 t − 10 ) 2 , = 720 t 2 − 720 t + 200 , = 720 ( t − 1 2 ) 2 + 20. \begin{align*}
D^2=&\,(12t-10)^2+(24t-10)^2,\\
=&\,720t^2-720t+200,\\
=&\,720\left(t-\frac12\right)^2+20.
\end{align*} D 2 = = = ( 12 t − 10 ) 2 + ( 24 t − 10 ) 2 , 720 t 2 − 720 t + 200 , 720 ( t − 2 1 ) 2 + 20.
Since the square is non-negative, D 2 ≥ 20 D^2\geq20 D 2 ≥ 20 , with equality at t = 1 / 2 t=1/2 t = 1/2 h. This time is within t ≥ 0 t\geq0 t ≥ 0 .
Therefore the shortest distance is 20 k m = 2 5 k m \boxed{\sqrt{20}\ \mathrm{km}=2\sqrt5\ \mathrm{km}} 20 km = 2 5 km .
解法二
思路
展开
微分距离平方,求驻点并用二阶导数证明是最小值,再代回求距离而不是距离平方。
答题过程
展开
The squared distance is
f ( t ) = ( 12 t − 10 ) 2 + ( 24 t − 10 ) 2 = 720 t 2 − 720 t + 200. f(t)=(12t-10)^2+(24t-10)^2=720t^2-720t+200. f ( t ) = ( 12 t − 10 ) 2 + ( 24 t − 10 ) 2 = 720 t 2 − 720 t + 200.
Differentiating,
f ′ ( t ) = 1440 t − 720 , f ′ ′ ( t ) = 1440 > 0. f'(t)=1440t-720,\qquad f''(t)=1440>0. f ′ ( t ) = 1440 t − 720 , f ′′ ( t ) = 1440 > 0.
Thus the global minimum occurs at t = 1 / 2 t=1/2 t = 1/2 h, which is non-negative. At this time
A B → = − 4 i + 2 j k m . \overrightarrow{AB}=-4\mathbf i+2\mathbf j\ \mathrm{km}. A B = − 4 i + 2 j km .
The minimum distance is therefore
D min = ( − 4 ) 2 + 2 2 = 20 k m . D_{\min}=\sqrt{(-4)^2+2^2}=\boxed{\sqrt{20}\ \mathrm{km}}. D m i n = ( − 4 ) 2 + 2 2 = 20 km .
解法三
思路
展开
也可把达到某个距离的条件看成关于时间的二次方程。时间有实数解要求判别式非负,由此得到距离下界,并检查等号对应的时间非负。
答题过程
展开
If the ships are a distance D D D kilometres apart, then
720 t 2 − 720 t + 200 − D 2 = 0. 720t^2-720t+200-D^2=0. 720 t 2 − 720 t + 200 − D 2 = 0.
For a real time t t t , the discriminant must be non-negative:
720 2 − 4 ( 720 ) ( 200 − D 2 ) ≥ 0 , 180 − 200 + D 2 ≥ 0 , D 2 ≥ 20. \begin{align*}
720^2-4(720)(200-D^2)\geq&\,0,\\
180-200+D^2\geq&\,0,\\
D^2\geq&\,20.
\end{align*} 72 0 2 − 4 ( 720 ) ( 200 − D 2 ) ≥ 180 − 200 + D 2 ≥ D 2 ≥ 0 , 0 , 20.
Equality gives the repeated root t = 720 / ( 2 ⋅ 720 ) = 1 / 2 t=720/(2\cdot720)=1/2 t = 720/ ( 2 ⋅ 720 ) = 1/2 h, so this bound is attained at a non-negative time.
Hence the shortest distance is 20 k m \boxed{\sqrt{20}\ \mathrm{km}} 20 km .
(d)
解法一
思路
展开
最近时从 A A A 指向 B B B 的向量为西 4 4 4 、北 2 2 2 ,所以 B B B 在西北方向。方位角从正北顺时针量起,不能直接把反正切值作为方位角。
答题过程
展开
At t = 1 / 2 t=1/2 t = 1/2 h,
A B → = − 4 i + 2 j k m . \overrightarrow{AB}=-4\mathbf i+2\mathbf j\ \mathrm{km}. A B = − 4 i + 2 j km .
Thus B B B is 4 km west and 2 km north of A A A . If θ \theta θ is the angle west of north,
tan θ = 4 2 = 2 , θ = 63.4349 … ∘ . \tan\theta=\frac42=2,\qquad \theta=63.4349\ldots^\circ. tan θ = 2 4 = 2 , θ = 63.4349 … ∘ .
The clockwise bearing from north is
360 ∘ − θ = 296.565 … ∘ = 297 ∘ 360^\circ-\theta=296.565\ldots^\circ=\boxed{297^\circ} 36 0 ∘ − θ = 296.565 … ∘ = 29 7 ∘
to the nearest degree.