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M1 2023 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

Two particles, AA and BB, are moving in a straight line in opposite directions towards each other on a smooth horizontal surface when they collide directly.

Particle AA has mass 3m kg3m\,\mathrm{kg} and particle BB has mass m kgm\,\mathrm{kg}.

Immediately before the collision, both particles have a speed of 1.5 m s−11.5\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}.

Immediately after the collision, the direction of motion of AA is unchanged and the difference between the speed of AA and speed of BB is 1 m s−11\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}.

(a) Find (i) the speed of AA immediately after the collision,

(ii) the speed of BB immediately after the collision.

(5)

(b) Find, in terms of mm, the magnitude of the impulse exerted on BB in the collision.

(3)
题目中文翻译

两个质点 AA 和 BB 在光滑水平面上沿同一直线相向运动,并发生正碰。

质点 AA 的质量为 3m kg3m\,\mathrm{kg},质点 BB 的质量为 m kgm\,\mathrm{kg}。

碰撞前一瞬间,两个质点的速率均为 1.5 m s−11.5\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}。

碰撞后瞬间,AA 的运动方向不变,且 AA 和 BB 的速率之差为 1 m s−11\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}。

(a) 求 (i) 碰撞后瞬间 AA 的速率,

(ii) 碰撞后瞬间 BB 的速率。

(5)

(b) 用 mm 表示碰撞过程中 BB 所受冲量的大小。

(3)

解答

(a)(i)

解法一

思路

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碰后 AA 仍向前运动,BB 必须在它前方分离,所以 BB 也向前且速度更大。先把速率差写成代数关系,再列动量守恒。

答题过程

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Take the initial direction of AA as positive. After impact AA still moves positively. Since BB is ahead of AA and the particles must separate, BB must also move positively, faster than AA.

Let the final speed of AA be v m s−1v\ \mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}. The final speed of BB is then (v+1) m s−1(v+1)\ \mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}.

Conservation of momentum gives

3m(1.5)+m(−1.5)= 3mv+m(v+1),3= 4v+1,v= 0.5 m s−1.\begin{align*} 3m(1.5)+m(-1.5)=&\,3mv+m(v+1),\\ 3=&\,4v+1,\\ v=&\,\boxed{0.5\ \mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}}. \end{align*}

(a)(ii)

解法一

思路

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承接上一小问的速度关系,BB 的速率比 AA 大 11。

答题过程

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Using vB=vA+1v_B=v_A+1 from (i),

vB=0.5+1=1.5 m s−1.\boxed{v_B=0.5+1=1.5\ \mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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BB 从负方向反向到正方向,动量变化应包含两个速率之和。

答题过程

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The velocity of BB changes from −1.5-1.5 to +1.5 m s−1+1.5\ \mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}. Thus its impulse is

IB=m(1.5−(−1.5))=3m N s.I_B=m\bigl(1.5-(-1.5)\bigr)=3m\ \mathrm{N\,s}.

The magnitude is 3m N s\boxed{3m\ \mathrm{N\,s}}.

解法二

思路

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可从 AA 的动量变化求其所受冲量,再利用两个碰撞冲量等大反向。

答题过程

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The impulse on AA is

IA=3m(0.5−1.5)=−3m N s.I_A=3m(0.5-1.5)=-3m\ \mathrm{N\,s}.

The impulse on BB is equal and opposite, so its magnitude is 3m N s\boxed{3m\ \mathrm{N\,s}}.