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M1 2023 Jan Q6

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

6.

A boat is pulled along a river at a constant speed by two ropes.

The banks of the river are parallel and the boat travels horizontally in a straight line, parallel to the riverbanks.

  • The tension in the first rope is 500 N500\,\mathrm{N} acting at an angle of 40∘40^\circ to the direction of motion, as shown in Figure 3.
  • The tension in the second rope is PP newtons, acting at an angle of α∘\alpha^\circ to the direction of motion, also shown in Figure 3.
  • The resistance to motion of the boat as it moves through the water is a constant force of magnitude 900 N900\,\mathrm{N}.

The boat is modelled as a particle. The ropes are modelled as being light and lying in a horizontal plane.

Use the model to find

(i) the value of α\alpha,

(ii) the value of PP.

(8)
题目中文翻译

两根绳以恒定速率沿河牵引一艘船。

河岸互相平行,船沿平行于河岸的水平直线航行。

  • 如图 3 所示,第一根绳中的张力为 500 N500\,\mathrm{N},与运动方向成 40∘40^\circ 角。
  • 如图 3 所示,第二根绳中的张力为 PP 牛顿,与运动方向成 α∘\alpha^\circ 角。
  • 船在水中运动时受到的运动阻力是大小为 900 N900\,\mathrm{N} 的恒力。

将船视为质点,将绳视为位于同一水平面内的轻绳。

利用该模型,求

(i) α\alpha 的值,

(ii) PP 的值。

(8)

解答

(i)

解法一

思路

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船沿直线匀速航行,所以水平合力为零。垂直航向的两个张力分量互相平衡,沿航向的分量之和抵消阻力;两式相除求角度。

答题过程

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The velocity is constant, so the resultant horizontal force is zero. Resolving perpendicular and parallel to the direction of motion gives

Psin⁡α=500sin⁡40∘,Pcos⁡α=900−500cos⁡40∘.P\sin\alpha=500\sin40^\circ,\qquad P\cos\alpha=900-500\cos40^\circ.

Both right-hand sides are positive, so α\alpha is acute. Dividing,

tan⁡α=500sin⁡40∘900−500cos⁡40∘.\tan\alpha=\frac{500\sin40^\circ}{900-500\cos40^\circ}.

Hence α=31.9∘\boxed{\alpha=31.9^\circ} (3 s.f.).

解法二

思路

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平衡的三个水平力可首尾相接形成力三角形。先用余弦定理求第二根绳张力,再用余弦定理求夹角,避免正弦定理的补角疑义。

答题过程

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The two tensions have a resultant of magnitude 900 N along the direction of motion. In the corresponding force triangle,

P2=5002+9002−2(500)(900)cos⁡40∘.P^2=500^2+900^2-2(500)(900)\cos40^\circ.

Thus P=608.736…P=608.736\ldots N. The same triangle gives

5002=P2+9002−2P(900)cos⁡α,500^2=P^2+900^2-2P(900)\cos\alpha,

so

cos⁡α=P2+9002−50021800P.\cos\alpha=\frac{P^2+900^2-500^2}{1800P}.

Therefore α=31.9∘\boxed{\alpha=31.9^\circ} (3 s.f.).

(ii)

解法一

思路

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用上一问未舍入的角度代入垂直航向平衡方程,避免提前舍入角度。

答题过程

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Using Psin⁡α=500sin⁡40∘P\sin\alpha=500\sin40^\circ and the unrounded angle α=31.868315…∘\alpha=31.868315\ldots^\circ,

P=500sin⁡40∘sin⁡α=608.736… N.P=\frac{500\sin40^\circ}{\sin\alpha}=608.736\ldots\ \mathrm N.

Hence P=609 N\boxed{P=609\ \mathrm N} (3 s.f.).

解法二

思路

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在力三角形中,已知边 500500、900900 及其夹角 40∘40^\circ,余弦定理可直接给出所求张力。

答题过程

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Using the force triangle,

P=5002+9002−2(500)(900)cos⁡40∘=609 N(3 s.f.).P=\sqrt{500^2+900^2-2(500)(900)\cos40^\circ} =\boxed{609\ \mathrm N}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}.