[In this question i and j are horizontal unit vectors directed due east and due north respectively and position vectors are given relative to a fixed origin O.]
At 12:00, a ship P sets sail from a harbour with position vector (15i+36j)km.
At 12:30, P is at the point with position vector (20i+34j)km.
Given that P moves with constant velocity,
(a) show that the velocity of P is (10i−4j)kmh−1
(2)
At time t hours after 12:00, the position vector of P is pkm.
(b) Find an expression for p in terms of i, j and t.
(2)
A second ship Q is also travelling at a constant velocity.
At time t hours after 12:00, the position vector of Q is given by qkm, where
q=(42−8t)i+(9+14t)j
Ships P and Q are modelled as particles.
If both ships maintained their course,
(c) (i) verify that they would collide at 13:30
(ii) find the position vector of the point at which the collision would occur.
(4)
At 12:30 Q changes speed and direction to avoid the collision.
Ship Q now travels due north with a constant speed of 15kmh−1
Ship P maintains the same constant velocity throughout.
(d) Find the exact distance between P and Q at 14:30
(7)
题目中文翻译
[本题中,i 和 j 分别为指向正东和正北的水平单位向量,位置向量均相对于固定原点 O 给出。]
12:00,船 P 从位置向量为 (15i+36j)km 的港口起航。
12:30,P 到达位置向量为 (20i+34j)km 的点。
已知 P 以恒定速度运动,
(a) 证明 P 的速度为 (10i−4j)kmh−1。
(2)
12:00 之后 t 小时时,P 的位置向量为 pkm。
(b) 求用 i、j 和 t 表示 p 的表达式。
(2)
另一艘船 Q 也以恒定速度运动。
12:00 之后 t 小时时,Q 的位置向量为 qkm,其中
q=(42−8t)i+(9+14t)j
将船 P 和 Q 视为质点。
如果两船保持各自的航线,
(c) (i) 验证它们将于 13:30 相撞,
(ii) 求相撞地点的位置向量。
(4)
12:30,Q 改变速率和方向以避免碰撞。
船 Q 此后以 15kmh−1 的恒定速率向正北航行。
船 P 始终保持同一恒定速度。
(d) 求 14:30 时 P 与 Q 之间距离的精确值。
(7)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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半小时是 0.5 h。匀速运动的速度向量等于位移向量除以时间。
答题过程
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The displacement in 0.5 h is
(20i+34j)−(15i+36j)=5i−2jkm.
Therefore
vP=0.55i−2j=10i−4jkmh−1,
as required.
(b)
解法一
思路
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从中午的位置出发,加上 t 小时内的位移;保持时间原点为 12:00。
答题过程
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Using p=p0+tvP,
p=15i+36j+t(10i−4j).
Thus
p=(15+10t)i+(36−4t)j.
(c)(i)
解法一
思路
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验证给定的相撞时间,只要把同一个 t=1.5 代入两船的位置,证明两分量都相同。
答题过程
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At 13:30, t=1.5. For ship P,
p==(15+10(1.5))i+(36−4(1.5))j,30i+30j.
For ship Q,
q==(42−8(1.5))i+(9+14(1.5))j,30i+30j.
They occupy the same position at the same time, so they would collide at 13:30.
解法二
思路
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也可分别令东西和南北坐标相等,确认两个条件给出同一个时刻。
答题过程
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Equal east coordinates require
15+10t=42−8t,t=1827=1.5.
Equal north coordinates require
36−4t=9+14t,t=1827=1.5.
Both coordinates coincide at t=1.5 h after noon, i.e. at 13:30.
(c)(ii)
解法一
思路
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由上一问两船相同的位置,写出相撞点相对于原点的位置向量及单位。
答题过程
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The position vector of the collision point is
(30i+30j)km.
(d)
解法一
思路
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船 P 保持原速度;船 Q 要先求 12:30 的位置,再加上改航后两小时正北方向的位移。最后求两位置之差的模,并保留根式。
答题过程
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At 14:30, t=2.5, so
p=(15+10(2.5))i+(36−4(2.5))j=40i+26j.
At 12:30, before the change of course, t=0.5 and
q=(42−8(0.5))i+(9+14(0.5))j=38i+16j.
The new velocity of Q is 15jkmh−1. From 12:30 to 14:30 it travels for 2 h, giving