题目
Problem
4.
Figure 3 shows two horizontal forces P \mathbf{P} P and Q \mathbf{Q} Q acting on a particle.
The angle between the direction of P \mathbf{P} P and the direction of Q \mathbf{Q} Q is 150 ∘ 150^\circ 15 0 ∘
Force P \mathbf{P} P has magnitude X X X newtons.
Force Q \mathbf{Q} Q has magnitude 5 3 N 5\sqrt{3}\text{ N} 5 3 N .
The resultant of P \mathbf{P} P and Q \mathbf{Q} Q has magnitude 129 N \sqrt{129}\text{ N} 129 N .
Find
(i) the value of X X X .
(ii) the angle between Q \mathbf{Q} Q and the resultant, giving your answer to the nearest degree.
(8)
题目中文翻译
图 3 显示了作用在一个粒子上的两个水平力 P \mathbf{P} P 和 Q \mathbf{Q} Q 。
P \mathbf{P} P 的方向与 Q \mathbf{Q} Q 的方向之间的夹角为 150 ∘ 150^\circ 15 0 ∘ 。
力 P \mathbf{P} P 的大小为 X X X 牛顿。
力 Q \mathbf{Q} Q 的大小为 5 3 N 5\sqrt{3}\text{ N} 5 3 N 。
P \mathbf{P} P 和 Q \mathbf{Q} Q 的合力大小为 129 N \sqrt{129}\text{ N} 129 N 。
求:
(i) X X X 的值。
(ii) Q \mathbf{Q} Q 与合力之间的夹角,答案精确到最接近的度数。
(8)
解答
(i)
解法一
思路
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选向右为水平正方向,向上为另一正方向。把两力分解后,用合力模的平方建立关于 X X X 的二次方程,负的力大小必须舍弃。
答题过程
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Take i \mathbf i i horizontally to the right in the diagram and j \mathbf j j upwards. Then
P = X cos 30 ∘ i + X sin 30 ∘ j , Q = − 5 3 i . \mathbf P=X\cos30^\circ\mathbf i+X\sin30^\circ\mathbf j,\qquad
\mathbf Q=-5\sqrt3\mathbf i. P = X cos 3 0 ∘ i + X sin 3 0 ∘ j , Q = − 5 3 i .
The resultant is
R = ( 3 X 2 − 5 3 ) i + X 2 j . \mathbf R=\left(\frac{\sqrt3X}{2}-5\sqrt3\right)\mathbf i+\frac X2\mathbf j. R = ( 2 3 X − 5 3 ) i + 2 X j .
Since ∣ R ∣ = 129 |\mathbf R|=\sqrt{129} ∣ R ∣ = 129 ,
129 = ( 3 X 2 − 5 3 ) 2 + ( X 2 ) 2 , = X 2 − 15 X + 75 , X 2 − 15 X − 54 = 0 , ( X − 18 ) ( X + 3 ) = 0. \begin{align*}
129=&\,\left(\frac{\sqrt3X}{2}-5\sqrt3\right)^2+\left(\frac X2\right)^2,\\
=&\,X^2-15X+75,\\
X^2-15X-54=&\,0,\\
(X-18)(X+3)=&\,0.
\end{align*} 129 = = X 2 − 15 X − 54 = ( X − 18 ) ( X + 3 ) = ( 2 3 X − 5 3 ) 2 + ( 2 X ) 2 , X 2 − 15 X + 75 , 0 , 0.
As X X X is a magnitude, reject − 3 -3 − 3 , giving X = 18 \boxed{X=18} X = 18 .
解法二
思路
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把两个力首尾相接构成力三角形,三角形内角是 30 ∘ 30^\circ 3 0 ∘ ,不能把原图同起点两力的 150 ∘ 150^\circ 15 0 ∘ 直接当成该内角。
答题过程
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In the head-to-tail force triangle, the sides of lengths X X X and 5 3 5\sqrt3 5 3 include the interior angle 180 ∘ − 150 ∘ = 30 ∘ 180^\circ-150^\circ=30^\circ 18 0 ∘ − 15 0 ∘ = 3 0 ∘ . The opposite side is the resultant, 129 \sqrt{129} 129 . By the cosine rule,
129 = X 2 + ( 5 3 ) 2 − 2 X ( 5 3 ) cos 30 ∘ , = X 2 + 75 − 15 X . \begin{align*}
129=&\,X^2+(5\sqrt3)^2-2X(5\sqrt3)\cos30^\circ,\\
=&\,X^2+75-15X.
\end{align*} 129 = = X 2 + ( 5 3 ) 2 − 2 X ( 5 3 ) cos 3 0 ∘ , X 2 + 75 − 15 X .
Therefore
( X − 18 ) ( X + 3 ) = 0. (X-18)(X+3)=0. ( X − 18 ) ( X + 3 ) = 0.
Rejecting the negative magnitude gives X = 18 \boxed{X=18} X = 18 .
解法三
思路
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已知一边及其对角,可先用正弦定理求另一个角。较大的补角会使三角形内角和超过 180 ∘ 180^\circ 18 0 ∘ ,因此可排除。
答题过程
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In the force triangle, let α \alpha α be the interior angle opposite the side 5 3 5\sqrt3 5 3 . The side 129 \sqrt{129} 129 is opposite 30 ∘ 30^\circ 3 0 ∘ , so
sin α 5 3 = sin 30 ∘ 129 . \frac{\sin\alpha}{5\sqrt3}=\frac{\sin30^\circ}{\sqrt{129}}. 5 3 sin α = 129 sin 3 0 ∘ .
Hence
α = sin − 1 ( 5 3 sin 30 ∘ 129 ) = 22.4109 … ∘ . \alpha=\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{5\sqrt3\sin30^\circ}{\sqrt{129}}\right)
=22.4109\ldots^\circ. α = sin − 1 ( 129 5 3 sin 3 0 ∘ ) = 22.4109 … ∘ .
The supplementary value 157.589 … ∘ 157.589\ldots^\circ 157.589 … ∘ is impossible since adding 30 ∘ 30^\circ 3 0 ∘ would exceed 180 ∘ 180^\circ 18 0 ∘ . The remaining interior angle is
β = 180 ∘ − 30 ∘ − α = 127.5890 … ∘ . \beta=180^\circ-30^\circ-\alpha=127.5890\ldots^\circ. β = 18 0 ∘ − 3 0 ∘ − α = 127.5890 … ∘ .
Applying the sine rule once more,
X = 129 sin β sin 30 ∘ = 18 . X=\frac{\sqrt{129}\sin\beta}{\sin30^\circ}=\boxed{18}. X = sin 3 0 ∘ 129 sin β = 18 .
(ii)
解法一
思路
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代入 X = 18 X=18 X = 18 求合力分量。合力向右上方,而 Q \mathbf Q Q 向左,要求的通常夹角是钝角。
答题过程
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With X = 18 X=18 X = 18 ,
R = ( 18 cos 30 ∘ − 5 3 ) i + ( 18 sin 30 ∘ ) j = 4 3 i + 9 j . \mathbf R=(18\cos30^\circ-5\sqrt3)\mathbf i
+(18\sin30^\circ)\mathbf j
=4\sqrt3\mathbf i+9\mathbf j. R = ( 18 cos 3 0 ∘ − 5 3 ) i + ( 18 sin 3 0 ∘ ) j = 4 3 i + 9 j .
Let ϕ \phi ϕ be the angle of R \mathbf R R above the positive horizontal direction:
tan ϕ = 9 4 3 , ϕ = 52.4109 … ∘ . \tan\phi=\frac9{4\sqrt3},\qquad \phi=52.4109\ldots^\circ. tan ϕ = 4 3 9 , ϕ = 52.4109 … ∘ .
As Q \mathbf Q Q points to the left, the required angle is
180 ∘ − ϕ = 127.5890 … ∘ = 128 ∘ 180^\circ-\phi=127.5890\ldots^\circ=\boxed{128^\circ} 18 0 ∘ − ϕ = 127.5890 … ∘ = 12 8 ∘
to the nearest degree.
解法二
思路
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在力三角形中,X X X 对面的内角正好是 Q \mathbf Q Q 与合力的夹角。用余弦定理可直接确定钝角,避免反正弦的补角问题。
答题过程
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Let β \beta β be the angle between Q \mathbf Q Q and R \mathbf R R . In the force triangle, P = R − Q \mathbf P=\mathbf R-\mathbf Q P = R − Q , so
18 2 = ( 5 3 ) 2 + 129 − 2 ( 5 3 ) 129 cos β . 18^2=(5\sqrt3)^2+129-2(5\sqrt3)\sqrt{129}\cos\beta. 1 8 2 = ( 5 3 ) 2 + 129 − 2 ( 5 3 ) 129 cos β .
Consequently,
cos β = 75 + 129 − 324 2 ( 5 3 ) 129 , \cos\beta=\frac{75+129-324}{2(5\sqrt3)\sqrt{129}}, cos β = 2 ( 5 3 ) 129 75 + 129 − 324 ,
giving
β = 127.5890 … ∘ = 128 ∘ \beta=127.5890\ldots^\circ=\boxed{128^\circ} β = 127.5890 … ∘ = 12 8 ∘
to the nearest degree.