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M1 2024 Jan Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M1

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

[In this question i\mathbf{i} and j\mathbf{j} are horizontal unit vectors directed due east and due north respectively and position vectors are given relative to a fixed origin OO.]

At midnight, a ship SS is at the point with position vector (19i+22j) km(19\mathbf{i}+22\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km}

The ship travels with constant velocity (12i−16j) km h−1(12\mathbf{i}-16\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}}

(a) Find the speed of SS.

(2)

At time tt hours after midnight, the position vector of SS is s km\mathbf{s}\,\mathrm{km}.

(b) Find an expression for s\mathbf{s} in terms of i\mathbf{i}, j\mathbf{j} and tt.

(2)

A lighthouse stands on a small rocky island. The lighthouse is modelled as being at the point with position vector (26i+15j) km(26\mathbf{i}+15\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km}.

It is not safe for ships to be within 1.3 km1.3\,\mathrm{km} of the lighthouse.

(c) (i) Find the value of tt when SS is closest to the lighthouse.

(ii) Hence determine whether it is safe for SS to continue its course.

(7)
题目中文翻译

[本题中,i\mathbf{i} 和 j\mathbf{j} 分别为指向正东和正北的水平单位向量,位置向量均相对于固定原点 OO 给出。]

午夜时,船 SS 位于位置向量为 (19i+22j) km(19\mathbf{i}+22\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km} 的点。

船以恒定速度 (12i−16j) km h−1(12\mathbf{i}-16\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} 航行。

(a) 求 SS 的速率。

(2)

午夜之后 tt 小时时,SS 的位置向量为 s km\mathbf{s}\,\mathrm{km}。

(b) 求用 i\mathbf{i}、j\mathbf{j} 和 tt 表示 s\mathbf{s} 的表达式。

(2)

一座灯塔建在一个岩石小岛上。将灯塔视为位置向量为 (26i+15j) km(26\mathbf{i}+15\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km} 的点。

船进入距灯塔 1.3 km1.3\,\mathrm{km} 以内的区域是不安全的。

(c) (i) 求 SS 距灯塔最近时的 tt 值。

(ii) 由此判断 SS 继续沿原航线航行是否安全。

(7)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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速率是速度向量的模,用两正交分量的平方和开根号。

答题过程

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The speed is

∣v∣=122+(−16)2=20 km h−1.|\mathbf v|=\sqrt{12^2+(-16)^2}=\boxed{20\ \mathrm{km\,h^{-1}}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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匀速运动的位置等于初位置加上速度向量乘时间;注意这里的速度是恒定速度,不是加速度。

答题过程

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Using initial position plus velocity multiplied by elapsed time,

s=(19i+22j)+t(12i−16j).\mathbf s=(19\mathbf i+22\mathbf j)+t(12\mathbf i-16\mathbf j).

Hence

s=(19+12t)i+(22−16t)j.\boxed{\mathbf s=(19+12t)\mathbf i+(22-16t)\mathbf j}.

(c)(i)

解法一

思路

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先求从灯塔到船的相对位置。最小化距离等同于最小化距离平方,配方后直接看出最小时刻,并检查在午夜之后。

答题过程

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Let LL be the lighthouse. The displacement from LL to SS is

LS→=(12t−7)i+(7−16t)j.\overrightarrow{LS}=(12t-7)\mathbf i+(7-16t)\mathbf j.

Writing the distance as dd km,

d2= (12t−7)2+(7−16t)2,= 400t2−392t+98,= 400(t−0.49)2+1.96.\begin{align*} d^2=&\,(12t-7)^2+(7-16t)^2,\\ =&\,400t^2-392t+98,\\ =&\,400(t-0.49)^2+1.96. \end{align*}

The squared term is non-negative, so dd is minimised at t=0.49\boxed{t=0.49}. This lies in the permitted interval t≥0t\geq0.

解法二

思路

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船沿直线航行,到固定灯塔最近时,船到灯塔的连线与航向垂直。用数量积为零求时间。

答题过程

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The shortest line from the lighthouse to the ship’s straight path is perpendicular to the velocity. Therefore

[(12t−7)i+(7−16t)j]⋅(12i−16j)=0.\bigl[(12t-7)\mathbf i+(7-16t)\mathbf j\bigr] \mathbin{\cdot}(12\mathbf i-16\mathbf j)=0.

Thus

12(12t−7)−16(7−16t)= 0,400t−196= 0,t= 0.49.\begin{align*} 12(12t-7)-16(7-16t)=&\,0,\\ 400t-196=&\,0,\\ t=&\,\boxed{0.49}. \end{align*}

Since this time is positive, the perpendicular foot is on the future part of the course and gives the minimum distance.

解法三

思路

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也可在平面坐标中求船航线与经过灯塔的垂线的交点,再由交点坐标恢复时间。

答题过程

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The ship’s path has slope −16/12=−4/3-16/12=-4/3, so

y−22=−43(x−19),4x+3y=142.y-22=-\frac43(x-19),\qquad 4x+3y=142.

The perpendicular through the lighthouse (26,15)(26,15) has slope 3/43/4:

y−15=34(x−26),3x−4y=18.y-15=\frac34(x-26),\qquad 3x-4y=18.

Solving these simultaneous equations gives

x=24.88,y=14.16.x=24.88,\qquad y=14.16.

At this point on the ship’s path,

24.88=19+12t,t=0.49.24.88=19+12t,\qquad \boxed{t=0.49}.

The positive time confirms that the ship will reach this nearest point after midnight.

(c)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

必须求出最小距离,再与安全界限 1.3 km 比较,不能只凭最近时刻作结论。

答题过程

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At t=0.49t=0.49, the minimum distance is

dmin⁡=1.96=1.4 km.d_{\min}=\sqrt{1.96}=1.4\ \mathrm{km}.

Since 1.4>1.31.4>1.3, the ship never enters the unsafe region. It is therefore safe for S to continue its course\boxed{\text{safe for }S\text{ to continue its course}}.