题目
Problem
7.
[In this question, the horizontal unit vectors i \mathbf{i} i and j \mathbf{j} j are directed due east and due north respectively and position vectors are given relative to a fixed origin O O O .]
Two speedboats, A A A and B B B , are each moving with constant velocity.
the velocity of A A A is 40 k m h − 1 40\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} 40 km h − 1 due east
the velocity of B B B is 20 k m h − 1 20\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} 20 km h − 1 on a bearing of angle α \alpha α ( 0 ∘ < α < 90 ∘ ) (0^\circ<\alpha<90^\circ) ( 0 ∘ < α < 9 0 ∘ ) , where tan α = 4 3 \tan\alpha=\frac43 tan α = 3 4
The boats are modelled as particles.
(a) Find, in terms of i \mathbf{i} i and j \mathbf{j} j , the velocity of B B B in k m h − 1 \mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} km h − 1
(2)
At noon
the position vector of A A A is 20 j k m 20\mathbf{j}\,\mathrm{km} 20 j km
the position vector of B B B is ( 10 i + 5 j ) k m (10\mathbf{i}+5\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km} ( 10 i + 5 j ) km
At time t t t hours after noon
the position vector of A A A is r k m \mathbf{r}\,\mathrm{km} r km , where r = 20 j + 40 t i \mathbf{r}=20\mathbf{j}+40t\mathbf{i} r = 20 j + 40 t i
the position vector of B B B is s k m \mathbf{s}\,\mathrm{km} s km
(b) Find an expression for s \mathbf{s} s in terms of t t t , i \mathbf{i} i and j \mathbf{j} j .
(2)
(c) Show that at time t t t hours after noon,
A B → = [ ( 10 − 24 t ) i + ( 12 t − 15 ) j ] k m \overrightarrow{AB}=\big[(10-24t)\mathbf{i}+(12t-15)\mathbf{j}\big]\,\mathrm{km} A B = [ ( 10 − 24 t ) i + ( 12 t − 15 ) j ] km
(2)
(d) Show that the boats will never collide.
(3)
(e) Find the distance between the boats when the bearing of B B B from A A A is 225 ∘ 225^\circ 22 5 ∘
(4)
题目中文翻译
[本题中,水平单位向量 i \mathbf{i} i 和 j \mathbf{j} j 分别指向正东和正北,位置向量均相对于固定原点 O O O 给出。]
两艘快艇 A A A 和 B B B 各自以恒定速度运动。
A A A 的速度为向正东 40 k m h − 1 40\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} 40 km h − 1 。
B B B 的速度大小为 20 k m h − 1 20\,\mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} 20 km h − 1 ,方向的方位角为 α \alpha α ( 0 ∘ < α < 90 ∘ ) (0^\circ<\alpha<90^\circ) ( 0 ∘ < α < 9 0 ∘ ) ,其中 tan α = 4 3 \tan\alpha=\frac43 tan α = 3 4 。
将两艘快艇视为质点。
(a) 用 i \mathbf{i} i 和 j \mathbf{j} j 表示 B B B 的速度,单位为 k m h − 1 \mathrm{km\,h^{-1}} km h − 1 。
(2)
正午时,
A A A 的位置向量为 20 j k m 20\mathbf{j}\,\mathrm{km} 20 j km 。
B B B 的位置向量为 ( 10 i + 5 j ) k m (10\mathbf{i}+5\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{km} ( 10 i + 5 j ) km 。
正午之后 t t t 小时时,
A A A 的位置向量为 r k m \mathbf{r}\,\mathrm{km} r km ,其中 r = 20 j + 40 t i \mathbf{r}=20\mathbf{j}+40t\mathbf{i} r = 20 j + 40 t i 。
B B B 的位置向量为 s k m \mathbf{s}\,\mathrm{km} s km 。
(b) 求用 t t t 、i \mathbf{i} i 和 j \mathbf{j} j 表示 s \mathbf{s} s 的表达式。
(2)
(c) 证明正午之后 t t t 小时时,
A B → = [ ( 10 − 24 t ) i + ( 12 t − 15 ) j ] k m \overrightarrow{AB}=\big[(10-24t)\mathbf{i}+(12t-15)\mathbf{j}\big]\,\mathrm{km} A B = [ ( 10 − 24 t ) i + ( 12 t − 15 ) j ] km
(2)
(d) 证明两艘快艇永远不会相撞。
(3)
(e) 当从 A A A 看 B B B 的方位角为 225 ∘ 225^\circ 22 5 ∘ 时,求两艇之间的距离。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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方位角从正北量起,因此东向分量用正弦、北向分量用余弦。
答题过程
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From tan α = 4 / 3 \tan\alpha=4/3 tan α = 4/3 and 0 ∘ < α < 90 ∘ 0^\circ<\alpha<90^\circ 0 ∘ < α < 9 0 ∘ ,
sin α = 4 5 , cos α = 3 5 . \sin\alpha=\frac45,\qquad \cos\alpha=\frac35. sin α = 5 4 , cos α = 5 3 .
Therefore
v B = 20 sin α i + 20 cos α j = ( 16 i + 12 j ) k m h − 1 . \mathbf v_B=20\sin\alpha\,\mathbf i+20\cos\alpha\,\mathbf j
=\boxed{(16\mathbf i+12\mathbf j)\ \mathrm{km\,h^{-1}}}. v B = 20 sin α i + 20 cos α j = ( 16 i + 12 j ) km h − 1 .
(b)
解法一
思路
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位置等于中午的初位置加上速度乘经过的小时数,最终用 i , j \mathbf i,\mathbf j i , j 表示。
答题过程
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At t t t hours after noon,
s = ( 10 i + 5 j ) + t ( 16 i + 12 j ) , = ( 10 + 16 t ) i + ( 5 + 12 t ) j . \begin{align*}
\mathbf s=&\,(10\mathbf i+5\mathbf j)+t(16\mathbf i+12\mathbf j),\\
=&\,\boxed{(10+16t)\mathbf i+(5+12t)\mathbf j}.
\end{align*} s = = ( 10 i + 5 j ) + t ( 16 i + 12 j ) , ( 10 + 16 t ) i + ( 5 + 12 t ) j .
(c)
解法一
思路
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从 A A A 指向 B B B 的位移向量是终点位置减起点位置;必须保留方向和给定的两分量形式。
答题过程
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Subtracting the position of A A A from that of B B B ,
A B → = s − r , = [ ( 10 + 16 t ) − 40 t ] i + [ ( 5 + 12 t ) − 20 ] j , = [ ( 10 − 24 t ) i + ( 12 t − 15 ) j ] k m , \begin{align*}
\overrightarrow{AB}=&\,\mathbf s-\mathbf r,\\
=&\,[(10+16t)-40t]\mathbf i+[(5+12t)-20]\mathbf j,\\
=&\,\boxed{\big[(10-24t)\mathbf i+(12t-15)\mathbf j\big]\ \mathrm{km}},
\end{align*} A B = = = s − r , [( 10 + 16 t ) − 40 t ] i + [( 5 + 12 t ) − 20 ] j , [ ( 10 − 24 t ) i + ( 12 t − 15 ) j ] km ,
as required.
(d)
解法一
思路
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相撞要求同一时刻两坐标都相同,即相对位移的两分量同时为零。分别求时间,发现不一致即可。
答题过程
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For a collision, both components of A B → \overrightarrow{AB} A B must be zero at the same time:
10 − 24 t = 0 ⟹ t = 5 12 , 10-24t=0\ \Longrightarrow\ t=\frac5{12}, 10 − 24 t = 0 ⟹ t = 12 5 ,
whereas
12 t − 15 = 0 ⟹ t = 5 4 . 12t-15=0\ \Longrightarrow\ t=\frac54. 12 t − 15 = 0 ⟹ t = 4 5 .
These times are different, so the components cannot vanish simultaneously. Therefore the boats will never collide.
解法二
思路
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把两艇距离平方设为零,得到二次方程。判别式为负说明没有任何实数时刻能使距离为零。
答题过程
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A collision would require
( 10 − 24 t ) 2 + ( 12 t − 15 ) 2 = 0 , 720 t 2 − 840 t + 325 = 0. \begin{align*}
(10-24t)^2+(12t-15)^2=&\,0,\\
720t^2-840t+325=&\,0.
\end{align*} ( 10 − 24 t ) 2 + ( 12 t − 15 ) 2 = 720 t 2 − 840 t + 325 = 0 , 0.
The discriminant is
( − 840 ) 2 − 4 ( 720 ) ( 325 ) = − 230400 < 0. (-840)^2-4(720)(325)=-230400<0. ( − 840 ) 2 − 4 ( 720 ) ( 325 ) = − 230400 < 0.
There is no real solution for t t t , so the boats will never collide.
解法三
思路
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也可求全程最小距离。距离平方配方后的常数项严格为正,直接排除相撞。
答题过程
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The squared distance is
A B 2 = 720 t 2 − 840 t + 325 , = 720 ( t − 7 12 ) 2 + 80. \begin{align*}
AB^2=&\,720t^2-840t+325,\\
=&\,720\left(t-\frac7{12}\right)^2+80.
\end{align*} A B 2 = = 720 t 2 − 840 t + 325 , 720 ( t − 12 7 ) 2 + 80.
Thus A B 2 ≥ 80 > 0 AB^2\geq80>0 A B 2 ≥ 80 > 0 for every t t t . The minimum distance, 80 \sqrt{80} 80 km, is positive, so the boats will never collide.
(e)
解法一
思路
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225 ∘ 225^\circ 22 5 ∘ 是西南方向,要求相对位置的东西与南北分量相等且都为负。先由分量相等求时间,再检查象限并求距离。
答题过程
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A bearing of 225 ∘ 225^\circ 22 5 ∘ is southwest at 45 ∘ 45^\circ 4 5 ∘ , so the east and north components of A B → \overrightarrow{AB} A B must be equal and negative. Equating them gives
10 − 24 t = 12 t − 15 , t = 25 36 . 10-24t=12t-15,\qquad t=\frac{25}{36}. 10 − 24 t = 12 t − 15 , t = 36 25 .
At this time,
A B → = − 20 3 i − 20 3 j k m . \overrightarrow{AB}=-\frac{20}{3}\mathbf i-\frac{20}{3}\mathbf j\ \mathrm{km}. A B = − 3 20 i − 3 20 j km .
Both components are negative, confirming the required southwest bearing. Hence
A B = ( − 20 3 ) 2 + ( − 20 3 ) 2 = 20 2 3 k m . AB=\sqrt{\left(-\frac{20}{3}\right)^2+\left(-\frac{20}{3}\right)^2}
=\boxed{\frac{20\sqrt2}{3}\ \mathrm{km}}. A B = ( − 3 20 ) 2 + ( − 3 20 ) 2 = 3 20 2 km .