题目
8.
One end of a light inextensible string is attached to a particle of mass . The other end of the string is attached to a particle of mass . Particle is held at rest on a rough plane which is inclined to horizontal ground at an angle , where
The string passes over a small smooth pulley which is fixed at the top of the plane. Particle hangs vertically below with the string taut, at a height above the ground, as shown in Figure 4.
The part of the string between and lies along a line of greatest slope of the plane. The two particles, the string and the pulley all lie in the same vertical plane.
The coefficient of friction between and the plane is
The particle is released from rest and begins to move up the plane.
(a) Show that the frictional force acting on as it moves up the plane is
(b) Write down an equation of motion for .
(c) Show that the acceleration of immediately after its release is
In the subsequent motion, comes to rest before it reaches the pulley.
(d) Find, in terms of , the total distance travelled by from when it was released from rest to when it first comes to rest again.
题目中文翻译
一根不可伸长的轻绳的一端连接于质量为 的质点 ,另一端连接于质量为 的质点 。质点 被保持静止在粗糙斜面上,斜面与水平地面成 角,其中 。
绳跨过一个固定在斜面顶端的小光滑滑轮 。 如图 4 所示,质点 竖直悬挂于 下方,离地高度为 ,绳绷紧。
与 之间的一段绳沿斜面的最大坡度线放置。 两质点、绳和滑轮均处于同一个竖直平面内。
与斜面之间的摩擦系数为 。
质点 由静止释放,开始沿斜面向上运动。
(a) 证明 沿斜面向上运动时所受的摩擦力为 。
(b) 写出 的运动方程。
(c) 证明 刚释放后的加速度为 。
在随后的运动中, 在到达滑轮之前静止。
(d) 用 表示 从由静止释放到首次再次静止所经过的总路程。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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张力平行斜面,支持力由重力垂直斜面的分量决定。用给定摩擦系数乘支持力,并明确摩擦方向向下。
答题过程
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From ,
Resolving perpendicular to the plane for ,
Since moves up the plane, friction acts down the plane and has magnitude
as required.
(b)
解法一
思路
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令共同加速度大小为 ,张力为 。对质量为 、向下运动的 列方程。
答题过程
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Let the tension be and the common acceleration magnitude be . For , taking downwards as positive,
(c)
解法一
思路
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对 沿斜面向上列方程,再与 的方程相加消去张力。保留精确的三角比与分数,逐步推出给定加速度。
答题过程
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For , taking up the plane as positive,
The total resistance to its upward motion is
so
Adding this to gives
Therefore , as required.
(d)
解法一
思路
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先考虑绳绷紧阶段: 下落 时, 也上升 。 落地后绳松弛, 靠惯性继续上升,张力为零;重力分量与摩擦都使它减速,必须重新求加速度。
答题过程
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While the string is taut, travels a distance up the plane before reaches the ground. Starting from rest with acceleration , its speed at that instant satisfies
After reaches the ground, the string becomes slack and the tension is zero. Particle continues up the plane, opposed by both friction and the component of its weight. Taking up the plane as positive, its new acceleration satisfies
Let the further upward distance before first coming to rest be . Then
The total distance is therefore
解法二
思路
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也可在绳松弛后的阶段使用功能关系: 的初动能用于增加重力势能并克服摩擦。最后记得加上前一阶段已经上升的 。
答题过程
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When reaches the ground, has moved and has speed , where
The string then becomes slack. Let the further upward distance to rest be . The gain in gravitational potential energy is
and the work against friction is . Conservation of energy with frictional work gives
Hence the total distance travelled is