At time t=0, a small ball A is projected vertically upwards with speed 8ms−1 from a fixed point on horizontal ground.
The ball hits the ground again for the first time at time t=T1 seconds.
Ball A is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.
(a) Show that T1=1.63 to 3 significant figures.
(2)
After the first impact with the ground, A rebounds to a height of 2m above the ground.
Given that the mass of A is 0.1kg,
(b) find the magnitude of the impulse received by A as a result of its first impact with the ground.
(5)
At time t=1 second, another small ball B is projected vertically upwards from another point on the ground with speed 5ms−1
Ball B is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.
At time t=T2 seconds (T2>1), A and B are at the same height above the ground for the first time.
(c) Find the value of T2
(4)
题目中文翻译
在 t=0 时,小球 A 从水平地面上的一个固定点以速率 8ms−1 竖直向上抛出。
小球在 t=T1 秒时首次再次撞击地面。
将小球 A 视为仅在重力作用下运动的质点。
(a) 证明 T1=1.63,保留 3 位有效数字。
(2)
第一次撞击地面后,A 反弹到离地 2m 的高度。
已知 A 的质量为 0.1kg,
(b) 求 A 第一次撞击地面时所受冲量的大小。
(5)
在 t=1 秒时,另一个小球 B 从地面上的另一点以速率 5ms−1 竖直向上抛出。
将小球 B 视为仅在重力作用下运动的质点。
在 t=T2 秒时 (T2>1),A 和 B 首次处于离地相同的高度。
(c) 求 T2 的值。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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第一次回到地面时相对发射点的位移为零。解时间方程时舍去起始时刻零根。
答题过程
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Taking upwards as positive, the height before the first impact is
s=8t−21gt2.
At the first return to the ground,
0=8T1−21gT12=T1(8−21gT1).
Since T1>0,
T1=9.816=1.63265…=1.63(3 s.f.),
as required.
(b)
解法一
思路
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落地前速度为向下 8,反弹后速度由上升最高 2 m 求出。冲量用有符号末速度减初速度,两个方向相反时速率要相加。
答题过程
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By symmetry, immediately before impact A has velocity −8ms−1 with upwards positive.
Let its upward rebound speed be u. To rise 2 m before coming instantaneously to rest,
This satisfies 1<T2<16/9.8=T1, so neither ball has hit the ground in this interval. The height difference is linear in T2 and has just one zero here; this is the first equal-height time after t=1.
Thus T2=1.46 (3 s.f.).
解法二
思路
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把 B 发射时刻设为新的时间零点。此时 A 在 3.1 m 高处、向下速度 1.8。两球加速度相同,二次项抵消,可用相对速度求追到同一高度的时长。
答题过程
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At t=1, ball A has height
8(1)−4.9(1)2=3.1m
and upward velocity 8−9.8=−1.8ms−1.
Let τ be the time after B is projected. While both are in free flight,
hA=3.1−1.8τ−4.9τ2,hB=5τ−4.9τ2.
Equating heights gives
3.1=6.8τ,τ=6831.
Hence
T2=1+τ=6899=1.46(3 s.f.).
Since 1<T2<T1, this occurs before A‘s first ground impact. The relative velocity is constant and nonzero, so this is the first equal-height time after t=1.