题目
Problem
3.
A particle P of mass 3mkg and a particle Q of mass mkg are at rest on a rough horizontal surface. The distance between P and Q is 1.4m, as shown in Figure 1.
An impulse of magnitude λNs is now applied to P in the direction PQ.
Immediately after the impulse is applied, the speed of P is 5ms−1
(a) Find λ in terms of m.
(2)
Immediately before P collides with Q, the speed of P is 2.5ms−1
The coefficient of friction between P and the surface is μ
(b) Find the value of μ
(7)
Immediately after P collides with Q, the speed of Q is 2.1ms−1
(c) Find the speed of P immediately after the collision.
(3)
题目中文翻译
质量为 3mkg 的质点 P 和质量为 mkg 的质点 Q 静止在粗糙水平面上。如图 1 所示,P 与 Q 相距 1.4m。
现沿 PQ 方向对 P 施加大小为 λNs 的冲量。
施加冲量后瞬间,P 的速率为 5ms−1。
(a) 用 m 表示 λ。
(2)
P 与 Q 碰撞前一瞬间,P 的速率为 2.5ms−1。
P 与水平面之间的摩擦系数为 μ。
(b) 求 μ 的值。
(7)
P 与 Q 碰撞后瞬间,Q 的速率为 2.1ms−1。
(c) 求碰撞后瞬间 P 的速率。
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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施加冲量使质量为 3m 的 P 从静止变为速率 5,用动量变化直接求冲量。
答题过程
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Taking the direction PQ as positive, the impulse-momentum equation gives
λ=3m(5−0)=15m.
(b)
解法一
思路
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先根据碰前的减速距离求加速度,再由水平面的支持力与摩擦列运动方程。质量应在力和质量乘加速度两侧一致。
答题过程
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Take the motion towards Q as positive. Over the 1.4 m journey,
2.52=52+2a(1.4),
so
a=2.86.25−25=−56375 ms−2.
The normal reaction is R=3mg and the friction magnitude is F=μR=3μmg. Newton’s second law gives
−3μmg=3ma,−μg=a.
Thus
μ=56(9.8)375=0.683(3 s.f.).
(c)
解法一
思路
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碰撞的短暂过程使用总动量守恒。Q 碰后沿原 PQ 方向离开,求 P 的有符号速度,最后给速率。
答题过程
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Take the original direction of P as positive. Particle Q moves forwards after impact. Let v be the final velocity of P in this direction. Conservation of momentum gives
3m(2.5)+m(0)=7.5=v=3mv+m(2.1),3v+2.1,1.8.
The speed of P is therefore 1.8 ms−1.