[In this question, the unit vectors i and j are in a vertical plane, with i being horizontal and j being vertically upwards.]
At time t=0, a small ball is projected from a fixed point O on horizontal ground. The ball is projected from O with velocity (pi+qj)ms−1, where p and q are positive constants.
The ball moves freely under gravity.
At time t=3 seconds, the ball passes through the point A with velocity (8i−12j)ms−1, as shown in Figure 4.
(a) Find the speed of the ball at the instant it is projected from O.
(5)
For an interval of T seconds the speed, vms−1, of the ball is such that v⩽10
(b) Find the value of T.
(4)
At the point B on the path of the ball, the direction of motion of the ball is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the ball at A.
(c) Find the vertical height of B above A.
(4)
题目中文翻译
[本题中,单位向量 i 和 j 位于一个竖直平面内,i 为水平方向,j 竖直向上。]
在 t=0 时,一个小球从水平地面上的固定点 O 抛出。球从 O 抛出时的速度为 (pi+qj)ms−1,其中 p 和 q 为正常数。
球仅在重力作用下运动。
如图 4 所示,在 t=3 秒时,球以速度 (8i−12j)ms−1 经过 A 点。
(a) 求球从 O 抛出瞬间的速率。
(5)
在持续 T 秒的一段时间内,球的速率 vms−1 满足 v⩽10。
(b) 求 T 的值。
(4)
在球的轨迹上的 B 点,球的运动方向与其在 A 点的运动方向垂直。
(c) 求 B 相对于 A 的竖直高度。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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水平方向无加速度,竖直方向加速度为 −g。从 t=3 的速度反推初速度,再求模。
答题过程
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The horizontal velocity is constant, so p=8. Vertically,
−12=q−9.8(3)⟹q=17.4.
Hence the initial speed is
82+17.42=19.2 m s−1(3 s.f.).
(b)
解法一
思路
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速率不超过 10 时,竖直速度必须介于 −6 与 6 之间。求的是这段区间的长度,而非某个时刻。
答题过程
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At time t,
v=8i+(17.4−9.8t)j.
For the speed to be at most 10 m s−1,
82+(17.4−9.8t)2≤100.
Thus
−6≤17.4−9.8t≤6,
which gives
9.811.4≤t≤9.823.4.
Therefore the duration is
T=9.823.4−11.4=1.22(3 s.f.).
(c)
解法一
思路
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两个速度向量垂直,数量积为零。先求 B 点的竖直速度,再用竖直方向的速度平方关系求相对高度。
答题过程
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Let the vertical velocity at B be vBy. Since the velocities at B and A are perpendicular,
(8i+vByj)⋅(8i−12j)=0.
Hence
64−12vBy=0⟹vBy=316 m s−1.
Let h be the height of B above A. From B to A, the vertical displacement is −h. Thus