题目
Problem
3.
A car of mass 600kg travels along a straight horizontal road with the engine of the car working at a constant rate of P watts. The resistance to the motion of the car is modelled as a constant force of magnitude R newtons. At the instant when the speed of the car is 15ms−1, the magnitude of the acceleration of the car is 0.2ms−2.
Later the same car travels up a straight road inclined at angle θ to the horizontal, where sinθ=201. The resistance to the motion of the car from non-gravitational forces is modelled as a constant force of magnitude R newtons. When the engine of the car is working at a constant rate of P watts, the car has a constant speed of 10ms−1.
Find the value of P.
(8)
题目中文翻译
一辆质量为 600kg 的汽车沿水平直路行驶,其发动机以恒定功率 P 瓦工作。将汽车所受的运动阻力视为大小为 R 牛顿的恒力。当汽车速率为 15ms−1 时,其加速度大小为 0.2ms−2。
随后同一辆汽车沿一条与水平面成 θ 角的直路上坡,其中 sinθ=201。将汽车所受的非重力运动阻力视为大小为 R 牛顿的恒力。当发动机以恒定功率 P 瓦工作时,汽车的恒定速率为 10ms−1。
求 P 的值。
(8)
题目勘误
官方原题:水平路段只给出加速度的大小为 0.2 m s−2,没有明确加速度相对于运动的方向。
实际上应为:要唯一得到评分标准的 5220 W,还需采用加速度沿运动方向的条件。若加速度反向,同样存在满足原数值条件的 P=12420 W、R=948 N 分支。
本页保留官方英文及忠实翻译,未替换原题条件;下面分别说明两种方向假设。未查到官方明确更正通知,不把自行核实的方向限定称为官方更正。
解答
解法一
思路
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先采用加速度沿运动方向的分支。功率不变不代表牵引力不变:速率为 15 和 10 时,牵引力分别为 P/15 与 P/10。
答题过程
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Take forwards as positive and first use a=+0.2 m s−2 on the horizontal road.
Using power = driving force × speed, Newton’s second law on the horizontal road gives
15P−R=600(0.2)=120.(1)
For constant-speed motion uphill,
10P−R−600gsinθ=0.
Since sinθ=1/20,
10P−R=30g=294.(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2),
10P−15P=294−120,
30P=174.
Thus, for acceleration in the direction of motion,
P=5220 W(3 s.f.).
Substitution into (1) gives R=228 N>0.
解法二
思路
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原题只给加速度大小。若加速度与速度反向,水平路段仍可满足全部给定数值,因此要明确这是另一方向分支,不能无理由把它排除。
答题过程
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If the horizontal-road acceleration is opposite to the direction of motion, take a=−0.2 m s−2. Then
15P−R=−120,
while the uphill equation remains
10P−R=294.
Subtracting gives
30P=414⟹P=12420 W.
The corresponding resistance is
R=1012420−294=948 N.
Indeed, at 15 m s−1 the net force is
1512420−948=828−948=−120 N,
so the acceleration is −120/600=−0.2 m s−2, of the required magnitude. For this direction branch,
P=1.24×104 W(3 s.f.).
卓老师温馨提醒
官方评分标准采用水平路段加速度沿运动方向的分支,得到 5220 W。原题字面只给加速度大小;若允许汽车此时减速,P=12420 W、R=948 N 也满足两段运动条件。第二组并非对第一组计算的否定,而是说明唯一答案还需要方向限定;未查到官方对这一分支的评分说明,不据此保证给分。