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M2 2021 June Q6

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2021 June Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

6.

Two particles, AA and BB, of mass 2 kg2\,\mathrm{kg} and 3 kg3\,\mathrm{kg} respectively, are connected by a light inextensible string. Particle AA is held at rest at the point XX on a fixed rough ramp that is inclined at an angle θ\theta to the horizontal, where tan⁡θ=512\tan\theta=\frac5{12}. The string passes over a small smooth pulley PP that is fixed at the top of the ramp. Particle BB hangs vertically below PP, 2 m2\,\mathrm{m} above the ground, as shown in Figure 4.

The particles are released from rest with the string taut so that AA moves up the ramp and the section of the string from AA to PP is parallel to a line of greatest slope of the ramp. The coefficient of friction between AA and the ramp is 38\frac38

Air resistance is ignored.

(a) Find the potential energy lost by the system as AA moves 2 m2\,\mathrm{m} up the ramp.

(3)

(b) Find the work done against friction as AA moves 2 m2\,\mathrm{m} up the ramp.

(4)

When BB hits the ground, BB is brought to rest by the impact and does not rebound and AA continues to move up the ramp.

(c) Use the work-energy principle to find the speed of BB at the instant before it hits the ground.

(4)

Particle AA comes to instantaneous rest at the point YY on the ramp, where XY=(2+d) mXY=(2+d)\,\mathrm{m}.

(d) Use the work-energy principle to find the value of dd.

(4)
题目中文翻译

质量分别为 2 kg2\,\mathrm{kg} 和 3 kg3\,\mathrm{kg} 的两质点 AA 和 BB 由一根不可伸长的轻绳相连。质点 AA 被保持静止在固定粗糙斜坡上的 XX 点,斜坡与水平面成 θ\theta 角,其中 tan⁡θ=512\tan\theta=\frac5{12}。绳跨过一个固定在斜坡顶端的小光滑滑轮 PP。如图 4 所示,质点 BB 竖直悬挂于 PP 下方,离地 2 m2\,\mathrm{m}。

两质点由静止释放,绳绷紧,AA 沿斜坡向上运动,且 AA 到 PP 之间的绳段平行于斜坡的一条最大坡度线。 AA 与斜坡之间的摩擦系数为 38\frac38。

忽略空气阻力。

(a) 求 AA 沿斜坡向上运动 2 m2\,\mathrm{m} 时,系统损失的势能。

(3)

(b) 求 AA 沿斜坡向上运动 2 m2\,\mathrm{m} 时克服摩擦力所做的功。

(4)

当 BB 撞击地面时,撞击使 BB 静止且不反弹,AA 继续沿斜坡向上运动。

(c) 利用功—能原理,求 BB 撞击地面前一瞬间的速率。

(4)

质点 AA 在斜坡的 YY 点瞬时静止,其中 XY=(2+d) mXY=(2+d)\,\mathrm{m}。

(d) 利用功—能原理求 dd 的值。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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BB 下降 22 米时,AA 沿斜面上升 22 米,但竖直高度只增加 2sin⁡θ2\sin\theta。系统损失的势能须扣除 AA 增加的势能。

答题过程

展开

From tan⁡θ=5/12\tan\theta=5/12,

sin⁡θ=513,cos⁡θ=1213.\sin\theta=\frac5{13},\qquad\cos\theta=\frac{12}{13}.

The string is taut, so when AA moves 2 m up the ramp, BB falls 2 m. The net potential energy lost is

3g(2)−2g(2×513)=58g13.3g(2)-2g\left(2\times\frac5{13}\right)=\frac{58g}{13}.

Thus the potential energy lost is

43.7 J.\boxed{43.7\text{ J}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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绳沿斜面,不影响支持力。先求支持力及滑动摩擦力,再乘沿斜面的实际路程。

答题过程

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Resolving perpendicular to the ramp,

R=2gcos⁡θ=24g13.R=2g\cos\theta=\frac{24g}{13}.

The frictional force opposing the upward motion is

F=38R=9g13.F=\frac38R=\frac{9g}{13}.

Hence the work done against friction over 2 m is

W=F(2)=18g13.W=F(2)=\frac{18g}{13}.

Therefore

W=13.6 J.\boxed{W=13.6\text{ J}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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此时绳仍绷紧,两物体速率相等。用系统损失的势能减去摩擦耗能,得到总质量 55 千克的动能;必须使用未舍入的前两问结果。

答题过程

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Let the common speed immediately before BB hits the ground be vv m s−1^{-1}. By the work-energy principle,

12(2+3)v2=58g13−18g13.\frac12(2+3)v^2=\frac{58g}{13}-\frac{18g}{13}.

Thus

52v2=40g13,v2=16g13.\frac52v^2=\frac{40g}{13},\qquad v^2=\frac{16g}{13}.

Therefore the required speed is

v=3.47 m s−1.\boxed{v=3.47\text{ m s}^{-1}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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BB 落地停止后,AA 继续上行会使绳松弛。接下来只计算 AA 的动能;其动能用于克服自身重力和摩擦。dd 是额外路程,不能再把前面的 22 米计入这一段。

答题过程

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After BB stops, the string becomes slack as AA continues up the ramp, so the tension is zero. The speed of AA just after this event is still vv.

Applying the work-energy principle to AA over the additional distance dd,

12(2)v2=2g(513)d+9g13d.\frac12(2)v^2=2g\left(\frac5{13}\right)d+\frac{9g}{13}d.

Using v2=16g/13v^2=16g/13,

16g13=19g13d.\frac{16g}{13}=\frac{19g}{13}d.

Hence

d=1619 m=0.842 m.\boxed{d=\frac{16}{19}\text{ m}=0.842\text{ m}}.