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M2 2021 Oct Q8

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

8.

The fixed point AA is hh metres vertically above the point OO that is on horizontal ground.

At time t=0t=0, a particle PP is projected from AA with speed 10 m s−110\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}. The particle moves freely under gravity. At time t=2.5t=2.5 seconds, PP strikes the ground at the point BB. At the instant when PP strikes the ground, the speed of PP is 18 m s−118\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}, as shown in Figure 4.

(a) By considering energy, find the value of hh.

(3)

(b) Find the distance OBOB.

(5)

As PP moves from AA to BB, the speed of PP is less than or equal to 8 m s−18\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} for TT seconds.

(c) Find the value of TT

(6)
题目中文翻译

固定点 AA 位于水平地面上的 OO 点正上方 hh 米处。

在 t=0t=0 时,将质点 PP 从 AA 点以速率 10 m s−110\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 抛出。质点仅在重力作用下自由运动。在 t=2.5t=2.5 秒时,PP 在 BB 点落地。如图 4 所示,PP 落地瞬间的速率为 18 m s−118\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}。

(a) 利用能量关系求 hh 的值。

(3)

(b) 求距离 OBOB。

(5)

在 PP 从 AA 到 BB 的运动过程中,PP 的速率小于或等于 8 m s−18\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 的时间共为 TT 秒。

(c) 求 TT 的值。

(6)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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从 AA 到地面只受重力,损失的势能等于动能增加。题目要求用能量关系;计算后续各问时保留未舍入的高度。

答题过程

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Let the mass be mm. Taking the ground as zero potential energy, conservation of mechanical energy gives

12m(10)2+mgh=12m(18)2.\frac12m(10)^2+mgh=\frac12m(18)^2.

Thus

h=182−1022g=112g.h=\frac{18^2-10^2}{2g}=\frac{112}{g}.

With g=9.8g=9.8,

h=11.4 m.\boxed{h=11.4\text{ m}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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先由飞行时间及竖直位移反求初速度的竖直分量,再利用初速率为 1010 求水平分量。所求距离从地面上的 OO 起算,正好是水平位移。

答题过程

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Let the initial vertical and horizontal velocity components be uyu_y and uxu_x respectively. Taking upwards as positive,

−h=2.5uy−12g(2.5)2.-h=2.5u_y-\frac12g(2.5)^2.

Using the unrounded value h=112/gh=112/g,

uy=12g(2.5)2−112/g2.5=7.678571… m s−1.u_y=\frac{\tfrac12g(2.5)^2-112/g}{2.5}=7.678571\ldots\text{ m s}^{-1}.

Since the initial speed is 10 m s−1^{-1},

ux=100−uy2=6.406211… m s−1.u_x=\sqrt{100-u_y^2}=6.406211\ldots\text{ m s}^{-1}.

Therefore

OB=2.5ux,OB=2.5u_x,

which gives

OB=16.0 m.\boxed{OB=16.0\text{ m}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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速率由两个速度分量合成。水平分量不变,竖直分量随时间线性减小;速率不超过 88 对应两个临界时刻之间的整个区间,求的是两时刻之差。

答题过程

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At time tt, the velocity components are uxu_x and uy−gtu_y-gt. Hence

v2=ux2+(uy−gt)2.v^2=u_x^2+(u_y-gt)^2.

At the boundary speed v=8v=8,

(uy−gt)2=64−ux2.(u_y-gt)^2=64-u_x^2.

Let

q=64−ux2=4.791707….q=\sqrt{64-u_x^2}=4.791707\ldots.

The two boundary times are

t1=uy−qg=0.2945779687…,t_1=\frac{u_y-q}{g}=0.2945779687\ldots, t2=uy+qg=1.272477….t_2=\frac{u_y+q}{g}=1.272477\ldots.

Both are between 0 and 2.5 s. Between these times, ∣uy−gt∣≤q|u_y-gt|\le q, so the speed is at most 8 m s−1^{-1}.

Therefore

T=t2−t1=2qg,T=t_2-t_1=\frac{2q}{g},

and hence

T=0.978 s.\boxed{T=0.978\text{ s}}.

解法二

思路

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也可先用能量找出速率恰为 88 的高度,再解竖直位移方程得到上升、下降经过这一高度的时刻。所求持续时间仍为两根之差。

答题过程

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Let ss be height above AA. Conservation of energy between AA and a point where the speed is 8 m s−1^{-1} gives

12m(8)2+mgs=12m(10)2.\frac12m(8)^2+mgs=\frac12m(10)^2.

Thus the boundary height is

s=18g.s=\frac{18}{g}.

At height ss, the vertical motion satisfies

uyt−12gt2=18g.u_yt-\frac12gt^2=\frac{18}{g}.

The roots are

t=uy±uy2−36g.t=\frac{u_y\pm\sqrt{u_y^2-36}}{g}.

The particle is above this boundary height between the roots, and its speed is then at most 8 m s−1^{-1}. Thus

T=2uy2−36g.T=\frac{2\sqrt{u_y^2-36}}{g}.

Using the unrounded uyu_y from (b),

T=0.978 s.\boxed{T=0.978\text{ s}}.