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M2 2022 Jan Q5

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2022 Jan Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

5.

A smooth solid hemisphere is fixed with its flat surface in contact with rough horizontal ground. The hemisphere has centre OO and radius 5a5a. A uniform rod ABAB, of length 16a16a and weight WW, rests in equilibrium on the hemisphere with end AA on the ground. The rod rests on the hemisphere at the point CC, where AC=12aAC=12a and angle CAO=αCAO=\alpha, as shown in Figure 1.

Points AA, CC, BB and OO all lie in the same vertical plane.

(a) Explain why AO=13aAO=13a

(1)

The normal reaction on the rod at CC has magnitude kWkW

(b) Show that k=813k=\frac8{13}

(3)

The resultant force acting on the rod at AA has magnitude RR and acts upwards at θ∘\theta^\circ to the horizontal.

(c) Find

(i) an expression for RR in terms of WW

(ii) the value of θ\theta

(8)
题目中文翻译

一个光滑实心半球被固定,其平面与粗糙水平地面接触。半球的球心为 OO,半径为 5a5a。 长为 16a16a、重为 WW 的均匀杆 ABAB 支承在半球上并处于平衡状态,AA 端位于地面上。如图 1 所示,杆与半球在 CC 点接触,其中 AC=12aAC=12a,∠CAO=α\angle CAO=\alpha。

AA、CC、BB、OO 各点均位于同一竖直平面内。

(a) 解释为什么 AO=13aAO=13a。

(1)

杆在 CC 点所受的法向反作用力大小为 kWkW。

(b) 证明 k=813k=\frac8{13}。

(3)

杆在 AA 点所受合力的大小为 RR,方向与水平面成 θ∘\theta^\circ 角斜向上。

(c) 求:

(i) 用 WW 表示的 RR 的表达式;

(ii) θ\theta 的值。

(8)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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杆与半球截面相切,接触点的半径垂直切线,所以能使用勾股定理;仅列出 55、1212、1313 而不解释直角还不充分。

答题过程

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The rod is tangent to the circular cross-section at CC, so OC⊥ACOC\perp AC. Thus triangle ACOACO is right-angled at CC and

AO=(12a)2+(5a)2=13a.AO=\sqrt{(12a)^2+(5a)^2}=\boxed{13a}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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光滑接触力沿半径,垂直于杆。对 AA 取矩,重力作用点为杆中点,距 AA 为 8a8a。

答题过程

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From the right-angled triangle,

cos⁡α=1213,sin⁡α=513.\cos\alpha=\frac{12}{13},\qquad\sin\alpha=\frac5{13}.

The reaction at CC is perpendicular to the rod. Taking moments about AA,

kW(12a)=W(8acos⁡α).kW(12a)=W(8a\cos\alpha).

Hence

k=8(12/13)12=813.k=\frac{8(12/13)}{12}=\boxed{\frac8{13}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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AA 处合力由水平摩擦力与竖直支持力组成。先求两个分量,再求模和方向;不能把合力直接当成竖直支持力。

答题过程

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Let the components of the force at AA be HH horizontally towards OO and VV vertically upwards. The force at CC has magnitude 8W/138W/13 and acts upwards and to the left, perpendicular to the rod.

Resolving horizontally,

H=8W13sin⁡α=40W169.H=\frac{8W}{13}\sin\alpha=\frac{40W}{169}.

Resolving vertically,

V+8W13cos⁡α=W,V+\frac{8W}{13}\cos\alpha=W,

so

V=W−96W169=73W169.V=W-\frac{96W}{169}=\frac{73W}{169}.

Therefore, for (i),

R=H2+V2=W169402+732.R=\sqrt{H^2+V^2}=\frac{W}{169}\sqrt{40^2+73^2}.

Since 402+732=169(41)40^2+73^2=169(41),

R=4113W.\boxed{R=\frac{\sqrt{41}}{13}W}.

For (ii), since both components are positive,

tan⁡θ=VH=7340.\tan\theta=\frac VH=\frac{73}{40}.

Hence

θ=61.3∘.\boxed{\theta=61.3^\circ}.

解法二

思路

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选沿杆和垂直杆的方向分解,可以直接把接触点反力放在一个坐标方向。最后的方向角要加上杆相对于水平的角度。

答题过程

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Resolve the force at AA into a component PP along the rod from AA towards BB, and a component QQ perpendicular to the rod, upwards and to the left.

Resolving parallel to the rod,

P=Wsin⁡α=5W13.P=W\sin\alpha=\frac{5W}{13}.

Resolving perpendicular to the rod,

Q+8W13=Wcos⁡α,Q+\frac{8W}{13}=W\cos\alpha,

so

Q=12W13−8W13=4W13.Q=\frac{12W}{13}-\frac{8W}{13}=\frac{4W}{13}.

Thus, for (i),

R=P2+Q2=4113W.\boxed{R=\sqrt{P^2+Q^2}=\frac{\sqrt{41}}{13}W}.

The force makes angle tan⁡−1(Q/P)\tan^{-1}(Q/P) above the rod. Therefore, for (ii),

θ=α+tan⁡−1QP=tan⁡−1512+tan⁡−145.\theta=\alpha+\tan^{-1}\frac QP=\tan^{-1}\frac5{12}+\tan^{-1}\frac45.

Hence

θ=61.3∘.\boxed{\theta=61.3^\circ}.