Figure 4 shows a rough ramp fixed to horizontal ground.
The ramp is inclined at angle α to the ground, where tanα=61
The point A is on the ground at the bottom of the ramp.
The point B is at the top of the ramp.
The line AB is a line of greatest slope of the ramp and AB=4m.
A particle P of mass 3kg is projected with speed Ums−1 from A directly towards B.
The coefficient of friction between the particle and the ramp is 43
(a) Find the work done against friction as P moves from A to B.
(4)
Given that at the instant P reaches the point B, the speed of P is 5ms−1
(b) use the work-energy principle to find the value of U.
(4)
The particle leaves the ramp at B, and moves freely under gravity until it hits the ground at the point C.
(c) Find the horizontal distance from B to C.
(6)
题目中文翻译
图 4 所示的粗糙斜坡固定于水平地面上。
斜坡与地面成 α 角,其中 tanα=61。
A 点位于坡底的地面上。
B 点位于坡顶。
AB 是斜坡的一条最大坡度线,且 AB=4m。
质量为 3kg 的质点 P 从 A 点以速率 Ums−1 沿直接指向 B 的方向发射。
质点与斜坡之间的摩擦系数为 43。
(a) 求 P 从 A 运动至 B 时克服摩擦力所做的功。
(4)
已知 P 到达 B 点的瞬间的速率为 5ms−1,
(b) 利用功—能原理求 U 的值。
(4)
质点从 B 点离开斜坡,随后仅在重力作用下自由运动,直至在 C 点落地。
(c) 求 B 到 C 的水平距离。
(6)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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由正切求正弦和余弦,分母是 37。摩擦耗能用沿坡路程 4 米,不是水平投影。
答题过程
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Since tanα=1/6,
sinα=371,cosα=376.
Resolving perpendicular to the ramp, the normal reaction is
R=3gcosα=3718g.
The frictional force is
F=43R=23727g.
Thus the work done against friction is
W=F(4)=3754g.
With g=9.8,
W=87.0 J.
(b)
解法一
思路
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初动能减去摩擦耗能和增加的势能,等于坡顶动能。使用上一问未舍入的耗能,避免过早近似。
答题过程
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The gain in height from A to B is
4sinα=374.
By the work-energy principle,
21(3)U2−3754g−3g(374)=21(3)(5)2.
Hence
23U2=275+3766g,
so
U=25+3744g.
Therefore
U=9.79 m s−1.
(c)
解法一
思路
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离坡时速率是 5,方向沿坡向上,不是水平抛出。以 B 为竖直位移零点,落地位移为负的坡顶高度。所求只是在 B、C 之间的水平位移。
答题过程
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After leaving B, the initial horizontal and upward vertical velocity components are
ux=5cosα=3730,uy=5sinα=375.
Let the flight time from B to C be t. The vertical displacement is −4/37 m, so