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M2 2022 Oct Q5

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

5.

A uniform rod ABAB has length 8a8a and weight WW. The end AA of the rod is freely hinged to horizontal ground. The rod rests in equilibrium against a block which is also fixed to the ground. The block is modelled as a smooth solid hemisphere with radius 2a2a and centre DD. The point of contact between the rod and the block is CC, where AC=5aAC=5a The rod is at an angle θ\theta to the ground, as shown in Figure 1. Points AA, BB, CC and DD all lie in the same vertical plane.

(a) Show that AD=29aAD=\sqrt{29}a

(1)

(b) Show that the magnitude of the normal reaction at CC between the rod and the block is 429W\frac4{\sqrt{29}}W

(3)

The resultant force acting on the rod at AA has magnitude kWkW and acts at an angle α\alpha to the ground.

(c) Find (i) the exact value of kk

(ii) the exact value of tan⁡α\tan\alpha

(8)
题目中文翻译

均匀杆 ABAB 长 8a8a,重 WW。 杆的 AA 端通过自由铰链连接于水平地面。 杆靠在同样固定于地面的物块上,处于平衡状态。 将物块视为半径为 2a2a、球心为 DD 的光滑实心半球。 杆与物块的接触点为 CC,其中 AC=5aAC=5a。 如图 1 所示,杆与地面成 θ\theta 角。 AA、BB、CC、DD 各点均位于同一竖直平面内。

(a) 证明 AD=29aAD=\sqrt{29}a。

(1)

(b) 证明杆与物块在 CC 点之间的法向反作用力大小为 429W\frac4{\sqrt{29}}W。

(3)

杆在 AA 点所受合力大小为 kWkW,与地面成 α\alpha 角。

(c) 求:

(i) kk 的精确值;

(ii) tan⁡α\tan\alpha 的精确值。

(8)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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杆与半球截面相切,接触半径垂直于杆,因此 ACDACD 是直角三角形。

答题过程

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Since the rod is tangent to the circular cross-section at CC, DC⊥ACDC\perp AC. By Pythagoras in triangle ACDACD,

AD=AC2+CD2=(5a)2+(2a)2.AD=\sqrt{AC^2+CD^2}=\sqrt{(5a)^2+(2a)^2}.

Therefore

AD=29 a.\boxed{AD=\sqrt{29}\,a}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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光滑接触反力沿半径,垂直于杆。以铰链 AA 为取矩点可消去铰链反力;杆重心在距 AA 为 4a4a 的中点。

答题过程

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From the right-angled triangle,

cos⁡θ=529,sin⁡θ=229.\cos\theta=\frac5{\sqrt{29}},\qquad\sin\theta=\frac2{\sqrt{29}}.

Let the normal reaction at CC have magnitude NN. Taking moments about AA,

N(5a)=W(4acos⁡θ).N(5a)=W(4a\cos\theta).

Thus

N=45Wcos⁡θ=429W.N=\frac45W\cos\theta=\boxed{\frac4{\sqrt{29}}W}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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先求铰链反力的水平、竖直分量,再求合力大小及正切值。两项均要求精确答案,不要用小数近似替代根式或分数。

答题过程

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Let the hinge force have components HH horizontally to the right and VV vertically upwards. The reaction at CC acts upwards and to the left, perpendicular to the rod.

Resolving horizontally,

H=Nsin⁡θ=4W29229=8W29.H=N\sin\theta=\frac{4W}{\sqrt{29}}\frac2{\sqrt{29}}=\frac{8W}{29}.

Resolving vertically,

V+Ncos⁡θ=W,V+N\cos\theta=W,

so

V=W−4W29529=9W29.V=W-\frac{4W}{\sqrt{29}}\frac5{\sqrt{29}}=\frac{9W}{29}.

For (i), since the resultant has magnitude kWkW,

kW=H2+V2=W2982+92.kW=\sqrt{H^2+V^2}=\frac{W}{29}\sqrt{8^2+9^2}.

Therefore

k=14529=529.\boxed{k=\frac{\sqrt{145}}{29}=\sqrt{\frac5{29}}}.

For (ii), both components are positive, so

tan⁡α=VH=98.\boxed{\tan\alpha=\frac VH=\frac98}.

解法二

思路

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沿杆与垂直杆分解时,半球反力只出现在垂直杆的方程。算出铰链反力相对于杆的角度后,用正切差角公式求它相对于地面的角度。

答题过程

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Let the hinge-force components be FF along the rod towards BB and EE perpendicular to the rod, upwards and to the left.

Resolving parallel to the rod,

F=Wsin⁡θ=2W29.F=W\sin\theta=\frac{2W}{\sqrt{29}}.

Resolving perpendicular to the rod,

E+N=Wcos⁡θ,E+N=W\cos\theta,

so

E=5W29−4W29=W29.E=\frac{5W}{\sqrt{29}}-\frac{4W}{\sqrt{29}}=\frac W{\sqrt{29}}.

Thus, for (i),

k=F2+E2W=529.\boxed{k=\frac{\sqrt{F^2+E^2}}{W}=\sqrt{\frac5{29}}}.

For (ii), the angle between the hinge force and the rod is α−θ\alpha-\theta, so

tan⁡(α−θ)=EF=12.\tan(\alpha-\theta)=\frac EF=\frac12.

Also tan⁡θ=2/5\tan\theta=2/5. Hence

tan⁡α−2/51+(2/5)tan⁡α=12.\frac{\tan\alpha-2/5}{1+(2/5)\tan\alpha}=\frac12.

Multiplying out,

2tan⁡α−45=1+25tan⁡α,2\tan\alpha-\frac45=1+\frac25\tan\alpha, 85tan⁡α=95.\frac85\tan\alpha=\frac95.

Therefore

tan⁡α=98.\boxed{\tan\alpha=\frac98}.