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M2 2022 Oct Q8

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

8.

[In this question, the unit vectors i\mathbf{i} and j\mathbf{j} are in a vertical plane, with i\mathbf{i} being horizontal and j\mathbf{j} being vertically upwards.]

A rough ramp is fixed to horizontal ground.

The ramp is inclined to the ground at an angle α\alpha, where tan⁡α=724\tan\alpha=\frac7{24}

The point AA is at the bottom of the ramp and the point BB is at the top of the ramp. The line ABAB is a line of greatest slope of the ramp and AB=15 mAB=15\,\mathrm{m}, as shown in Figure 3.

A particle PP of mass 0.3 kg0.3\,\mathrm{kg} is projected with speed U m s−1U\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} from AA directly towards BB. At the instant PP reaches the point BB, the velocity of PP is (24i+7j) m s−1(24\mathbf{i}+7\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} The particle leaves the ramp at BB, and moves freely under gravity until it hits the horizontal ground at the point CC.

The coefficient of friction between PP and the ramp is 15\frac15

(a) Find the work done against friction as PP moves from AA to BB.

(3)

(b) Use the work-energy principle to find the value of UU.

(4)

(c) Find the time taken by PP to move from BB to CC.

(3)

At the instant immediately before PP hits the ground at CC, the particle is moving downwards at θ∘\theta^\circ to the horizontal.

(d) Find the value of θ\theta

(4)
题目中文翻译

[ 本题中,单位向量 i\mathbf{i}、j\mathbf{j} 位于同一竖直平面内,其中 i\mathbf{i} 沿水平方向,j\mathbf{j} 竖直向上。 ]

一个粗糙斜坡固定于水平地面上。

斜坡与地面成 α\alpha 角,其中 tan⁡α=724\tan\alpha=\frac7{24}。

AA 点位于坡底,BB 点位于坡顶。 如图 3 所示,ABAB 是斜坡的一条最大坡度线,且 AB=15 mAB=15\,\mathrm{m}。

质量为 0.3 kg0.3\,\mathrm{kg} 的质点 PP 从 AA 点以速率 U m s−1U\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 沿直接指向 BB 的方向发射。 PP 到达 BB 点的瞬间的速度为 (24i+7j) m s−1(24\mathbf{i}+7\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}。 质点从 BB 点离开斜坡,随后仅在重力作用下自由运动,直至在 CC 点落于水平地面。

PP 与斜坡之间的摩擦系数为 15\frac15。

(a) 求 PP 从 AA 运动至 BB 时克服摩擦力所做的功。

(3)

(b) 利用功—能原理求 UU 的值。

(4)

(c) 求 PP 从 BB 运动至 CC 所用的时间。

(3)

PP 在 CC 点落地前瞬间,运动方向与水平面成 θ∘\theta^\circ 角斜向下。

(d) 求 θ\theta 的值。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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由 77、2424、2525 直角三角形确定三角比。摩擦力为系数乘支持力,功使用沿坡路程 1515 米。

答题过程

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From tan⁡α=7/24\tan\alpha=7/24,

sin⁡α=725,cos⁡α=2425.\sin\alpha=\frac7{25},\qquad\cos\alpha=\frac{24}{25}.

The normal reaction is

R=0.3gcos⁡α=0.3g(2425).R=0.3g\cos\alpha=0.3g\left(\frac{24}{25}\right).

Thus the work done against friction is

Wf=15R(15)=15(0.3g2425)(15).W_f=\frac15R(15)=\frac15\left(0.3g\frac{24}{25}\right)(15).

Using g=9.8g=9.8,

Wf=8.47 J.\boxed{W_f=8.47\text{ J}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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坡顶给的是速度向量,先求其模 2525。初动能须提供坡顶动能、重力势能增加及摩擦耗能;按题意使用功—能原理。

答题过程

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The speed at BB is

vB=242+72=25 m s−1.v_B=\sqrt{24^2+7^2}=25\text{ m s}^{-1}.

The height gained is

h=15sin⁡α=15(725)=4.2 m.h=15\sin\alpha=15\left(\frac7{25}\right)=4.2\text{ m}.

By the work-energy principle,

12(0.3)U2=12(0.3)(25)2+0.3g(4.2)+Wf.\frac12(0.3)U^2=\frac12(0.3)(25)^2+0.3g(4.2)+W_f.

Using the unrounded work Wf=8.4672W_f=8.4672 J,

0.15U2=93.75+12.348+8.4672.0.15U^2=93.75+12.348+8.4672.

Taking the positive root,

U=27.6 m s−1.\boxed{U=27.6\text{ m s}^{-1}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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以 BB 为位移原点,落地的竖直位移为 −4.2-4.2,初始竖直速度为 +7+7。解出时间正根,不把到最高点的时间当成落地时间。

答题过程

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Let the flight time from BB to CC be tt. Taking upwards as positive,

−4.2=7t−12gt2.-4.2=7t-\frac12gt^2.

With g=9.8g=9.8,

4.9t2−7t−4.2=0.4.9t^2-7t-4.2=0.

Therefore

t=7±49+4(4.9)(4.2)9.8.t=\frac{7\pm\sqrt{49+4(4.9)(4.2)}}{9.8}.

The negative root is inadmissible. Thus

t=1.88 s.\boxed{t=1.88\text{ s}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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水平速度保持 2424;竖直速度在落地前为负。用向下速度的大小与水平速度之比求俯角,并保留前一问时间的未舍入值。

答题过程

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Immediately before reaching CC, the horizontal velocity is still 24 m s−1^{-1}. The vertical velocity is

vy=7−gt,v_y=7-gt,

where tt is the unrounded positive root from (c). This is negative, as expected for downward motion.

Hence the angle below the horizontal satisfies

tan⁡θ=−vy24=gt−724.\tan\theta=\frac{-v_y}{24}=\frac{gt-7}{24}.

Therefore

θ=25.5∘.\boxed{\theta=25.5^\circ}.

解法二

思路

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也可从坡顶到落地使用机械能,先求落地总速率,再与恒定水平分量配合求角度。

答题过程

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Let the speed immediately before impact be vCv_C. Conservation of energy between BB and CC gives

12mvC2=12m(25)2+mg(4.2).\frac12mv_C^2=\frac12m(25)^2+mg(4.2).

Thus

vC=625+8.4g.v_C=\sqrt{625+8.4g}.

Since the horizontal velocity remains 24 m s−1^{-1},

cos⁡θ=24625+8.4g.\cos\theta=\frac{24}{\sqrt{625+8.4g}}.

The ball is descending at CC, so the required downward angle is

θ=25.5∘.\boxed{\theta=25.5^\circ}.