题目
5.
A rough straight ramp is fixed to horizontal ground. The ramp is inclined at an angle to the horizontal, where
The points and are on a line of greatest slope of the ramp, with and above , as shown in Figure 2.
A package of mass is projected up the ramp from with speed and first comes to instantaneous rest at .
The coefficient of friction between the package and the ramp is
The package is modelled as a particle.
(a) Find the work done against friction as the package moves from to .
(b) Use the work-energy principle to find the value of .
After coming to instantaneous rest at , the package slides back down the slope.
(c) Use the work-energy principle to find the speed of the package at the instant it returns to .
题目中文翻译
一个粗糙直斜坡固定于水平地面上。斜坡与水平面成 角,其中 。
如图 2 所示,、 两点位于斜坡的一条最大坡度线上,,且 在 上方。
质量为 的包裹从 点以速率 沿斜坡向上发射,并在 点第一次瞬时静止。
包裹与斜坡之间的摩擦系数为 。
将包裹视为质点。
(a) 求包裹从 运动至 时克服摩擦力所做的功。
(b) 利用功—能原理求 的值。
在 点瞬时静止后,包裹沿斜坡向下滑回。
(c) 利用功—能原理求包裹返回 的瞬间的速率。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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本问只求克服摩擦的功,不包括重力势能增加。支持力为重量的垂直斜面分量。
答题过程
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From ,
The normal reaction is
Thus the frictional force is
The work done against friction over 2.5 m is
Hence
(b)
解法一
思路
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包裹在 静止,初动能全部变成势能增加和摩擦耗能。题目指定功—能,保留上一问的未舍入耗能。
答题过程
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The vertical rise is
By the work-energy principle,
Using the unrounded expressions from (a),
Taking the positive root,
(c)
解法一
思路
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下滑时摩擦力反向,仍阻碍运动。由 静止下滑至 ,损失的势能减去摩擦耗能等于最终动能。
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On the return journey, friction acts up the ramp. Its magnitude is unchanged, so the work done against it is again .
Let the return speed at be . By the work-energy principle from to ,
Using the unrounded ,
解法二
思路
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也可以考虑从 上滑再回到 的整个过程。初末高度相同,重力势能净变化为零;摩擦在上下两程都耗能。
答题过程
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Apply the work-energy principle over the complete journey . The net change in gravitational potential energy is zero, while the total work done against friction is .
Therefore
Hence
Using unrounded values from (a) and (b),