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M2 2023 Jan Q5

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

5.

A rough straight ramp is fixed to horizontal ground. The ramp is inclined at an angle θ\theta to the horizontal, where tan⁡θ=512\tan\theta=\frac5{12}

The points AA and BB are on a line of greatest slope of the ramp, with AB=2.5 mAB=2.5\,\mathrm{m} and BB above AA, as shown in Figure 2.

A package of mass 1.5 kg1.5\,\mathrm{kg} is projected up the ramp from AA with speed U m s−1U\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} and first comes to instantaneous rest at BB.

The coefficient of friction between the package and the ramp is 27\frac27

The package is modelled as a particle.

(a) Find the work done against friction as the package moves from AA to BB.

(3)

(b) Use the work-energy principle to find the value of UU.

(4)

After coming to instantaneous rest at BB, the package slides back down the slope.

(c) Use the work-energy principle to find the speed of the package at the instant it returns to AA.

(3)
题目中文翻译

一个粗糙直斜坡固定于水平地面上。斜坡与水平面成 θ\theta 角,其中 tan⁡θ=512\tan\theta=\frac5{12}。

如图 2 所示,AA、BB 两点位于斜坡的一条最大坡度线上,AB=2.5 mAB=2.5\,\mathrm{m},且 BB 在 AA 上方。

质量为 1.5 kg1.5\,\mathrm{kg} 的包裹从 AA 点以速率 U m s−1U\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 沿斜坡向上发射,并在 BB 点第一次瞬时静止。

包裹与斜坡之间的摩擦系数为 27\frac27。

将包裹视为质点。

(a) 求包裹从 AA 运动至 BB 时克服摩擦力所做的功。

(3)

(b) 利用功—能原理求 UU 的值。

(4)

在 BB 点瞬时静止后,包裹沿斜坡向下滑回。

(c) 利用功—能原理求包裹返回 AA 的瞬间的速率。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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本问只求克服摩擦的功,不包括重力势能增加。支持力为重量的垂直斜面分量。

答题过程

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From tan⁡θ=5/12\tan\theta=5/12,

sin⁡θ=513,cos⁡θ=1213.\sin\theta=\frac5{13},\qquad\cos\theta=\frac{12}{13}.

The normal reaction is

R=1.5gcos⁡θ=1.5g1213.R=1.5g\cos\theta=1.5g\frac{12}{13}.

Thus the frictional force is

F=27R=27(1.5g1213).F=\frac27R=\frac27\left(1.5g\frac{12}{13}\right).

The work done against friction over 2.5 m is

Wf=2.5F.W_f=2.5F.

Hence

Wf=9.69 J.\boxed{W_f=9.69\text{ J}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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包裹在 BB 静止,初动能全部变成势能增加和摩擦耗能。题目指定功—能,保留上一问的未舍入耗能。

答题过程

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The vertical rise is

h=2.5sin⁡θ=2.5513.h=2.5\sin\theta=2.5\frac5{13}.

By the work-energy principle,

12(1.5)U2=1.5gh+Wf.\frac12(1.5)U^2=1.5gh+W_f.

Using the unrounded expressions from (a),

12(1.5)U2=1.5g(2.5513)+2.5[27(1.5g1213)].\frac12(1.5)U^2=1.5g\left(2.5\frac5{13}\right)+2.5\left[\frac27\left(1.5g\frac{12}{13}\right)\right].

Taking the positive root,

U=5.64 m s−1.\boxed{U=5.64\text{ m s}^{-1}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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下滑时摩擦力反向,仍阻碍运动。由 BB 静止下滑至 AA,损失的势能减去摩擦耗能等于最终动能。

答题过程

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On the return journey, friction acts up the ramp. Its magnitude is unchanged, so the work done against it is again WfW_f.

Let the return speed at AA be vv. By the work-energy principle from BB to AA,

12(1.5)v2=1.5g(2.5513)−Wf.\frac12(1.5)v^2=1.5g\left(2.5\frac5{13}\right)-W_f.

Using the unrounded WfW_f,

v=2.43 m s−1.\boxed{v=2.43\text{ m s}^{-1}}.

解法二

思路

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也可以考虑从 AA 上滑再回到 AA 的整个过程。初末高度相同,重力势能净变化为零;摩擦在上下两程都耗能。

答题过程

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Apply the work-energy principle over the complete journey A→B→AA\to B\to A. The net change in gravitational potential energy is zero, while the total work done against friction is 2Wf2W_f.

Therefore

12(1.5)U2−2Wf=12(1.5)v2.\frac12(1.5)U^2-2W_f=\frac12(1.5)v^2.

Hence

v=U2−4Wf1.5.v=\sqrt{U^2-\frac{4W_f}{1.5}}.

Using unrounded values from (a) and (b),

v=2.43 m s−1.\boxed{v=2.43\text{ m s}^{-1}}.