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M2 2023 Jan Q8

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

8.

A particle PP is projected from a fixed point OO. The particle is projected with speed u m s−1u\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} at angle α\alpha above the horizontal. The particle moves freely under gravity. At the instant when the horizontal distance of PP from OO is xx metres, PP is yy metres vertically above the level of OO.

(a) Show that y=xtan⁡α−gx22u2(1+tan⁡2α)y=x\tan\alpha-\frac{gx^2}{2u^2}(1+\tan^2\alpha)

(6)

A small ball is projected from a fixed point AA with speed U m s−1U\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} at θ∘\theta^\circ above the horizontal. The point BB is on horizontal ground and is vertically below the point AA, with AB=20 mAB=20\,\mathrm{m}. The ball hits the ground at the point CC, where BC=30 mBC=30\,\mathrm{m}, as shown in Figure 4.

The speed of the ball immediately before it hits the ground is 25 m s−125\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} The motion of the ball is modelled as that of a particle moving freely under gravity.

(b) Use the principle of conservation of mechanical energy to find the value of UU.

(3)

(c) Find the value of θ\theta

(3)
题目中文翻译

从固定点 OO 以速率 u m s−1u\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}、与水平面成仰角 α\alpha 抛出质点 PP。质点仅在重力作用下自由运动。 当 PP 到 OO 的水平距离为 xx 米时,PP 位于 OO 所在水平面上方 yy 米处。

(a) 证明 y=xtan⁡α−gx22u2(1+tan⁡2α)y=x\tan\alpha-\frac{gx^2}{2u^2}(1+\tan^2\alpha)。

(6)

从固定点 AA 以速率 U m s−1U\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}、与水平面成 θ∘\theta^\circ 仰角抛出一个小球。 BB 点位于水平地面上,在 AA 的正下方,且 AB=20 mAB=20\,\mathrm{m}。 如图 4 所示,小球在 CC 点落地,其中 BC=30 mBC=30\,\mathrm{m}。

小球落地前瞬间的速率为 25 m s−125\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}。 将小球的运动视为仅在重力作用下的质点自由运动。

(b) 利用机械能守恒原理求 UU 的值。

(3)

(c) 求 θ\theta 的值。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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写出水平与竖直位移方程,由水平运动消去时间。最后明确给出三角恒等式的变形,得到题目要求的形式。

答题过程

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After time tt, the displacement components are

x=ucos⁡α t,y=usin⁡α t−12gt2.x=u\cos\alpha\,t,\qquad y=u\sin\alpha\,t-\frac12gt^2.

From the horizontal equation,

t=xucos⁡α.t=\frac{x}{u\cos\alpha}.

Substitution gives

y=xsin⁡αcos⁡α−gx22u2cos⁡2α.y=x\frac{\sin\alpha}{\cos\alpha}-\frac{gx^2}{2u^2\cos^2\alpha}.

Using

1cos⁡2α=cos⁡2α+sin⁡2αcos⁡2α=1+tan⁡2α,\frac1{\cos^2\alpha}=\frac{\cos^2\alpha+\sin^2\alpha}{\cos^2\alpha}=1+\tan^2\alpha,

we obtain

y=xtan⁡α−gx22u2(1+tan⁡2α).\boxed{y=x\tan\alpha-\frac{gx^2}{2u^2}(1+\tan^2\alpha)}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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小球下落 2020 米,增加的动能来自损失的重力势能。本问指定机械能守恒,不必先求抛射角。

答题过程

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Let the ball have mass mm. Conservation of mechanical energy from AA to CC gives

12mU2+mg(20)=12m(25)2.\frac12mU^2+mg(20)=\frac12m(25)^2.

Hence

U2=625−40g=233.U^2=625-40g=233.

Therefore

U=15.3 m s−1.\boxed{U=15.3\text{ m s}^{-1}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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轨迹方程的高度从抛出点量起,因此落地时 y=−20y=-20。使用未舍入的 U2=233U^2=233,设 z=tan⁡θz=\tan\theta,解二次方程并舍去对应向下发射的负根。

答题过程

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Relative to AA, the landing point has coordinates x=30x=30, y=−20y=-20. Using (a) and U2=233U^2=233,

−20=30tan⁡θ−9.8(30)22(233)(1+tan⁡2θ).-20=30\tan\theta-\frac{9.8(30)^2}{2(233)}(1+\tan^2\theta).

Let z=tan⁡θz=\tan\theta. Then

4410233z2−30z−250233=0,\frac{4410}{233}z^2-30z-\frac{250}{233}=0,

or

441z2−699z−25=0.441z^2-699z-25=0.

Thus

z=699±6992+4(441)(25)882.z=\frac{699\pm\sqrt{699^2+4(441)(25)}}{882}.

Since the ball is projected above the horizontal, z>0z>0, so take the positive root. Hence

θ=58.3∘.\boxed{\theta=58.3^\circ}.