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M2 2023 June Q4

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2023 June Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

4.

A particle PP of mass 3m3m and a particle QQ of mass 5m5m are moving towards each other along the same straight line on a smooth horizontal surface. The particles collide directly.

Immediately before the collision, the speed of PP is uu and the speed of QQ is kuku.

Immediately after the collision, the speed of PP is 2v2v and the speed of QQ is vv.

The direction of motion of each particle is reversed by the collision.

In the collision, PP receives an impulse of magnitude 15mv15mv.

(a) Show that u=3vu=3v.

(3)

(b) Find the value of kk.

(3)

The coefficient of restitution between PP and QQ is ee.

(c) Find the value of ee.

(3)

The total kinetic energy lost in the collision is λmv2\lambda mv^2

(d) Find the value of λ\lambda.

(3)
题目中文翻译

质量为 3m3m 的质点 PP 与质量为 5m5m 的质点 QQ,在光滑水平面上沿同一直线相向运动,发生正碰。

碰撞前瞬间,PP 的速率为 uu,QQ 的速率为 kuku。

碰撞后瞬间,PP 的速率为 2v2v,QQ 的速率为 vv。

碰撞使每个质点的运动方向均反转。

碰撞中,PP 受到大小为 15mv15mv 的冲量。

(a) 证明 u=3vu=3v。

(3)

(b) 求 kk 的值。

(3)

PP 与 QQ 之间的恢复系数为 ee。

(c) 求 ee 的值。

(3)

碰撞中损失的总动能为 λmv2\lambda mv^2。

(d) 求 λ\lambda 的值。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

PP 反向,速度变化的大小为碰前、碰后速率之和。统一取 PP 碰前方向为正,先写有符号冲量,再取大小。

答题过程

展开

Take the initial direction of PP as positive. Its velocity changes from uu to −2v-2v, so its signed impulse is

IP=3m(−2v−u).I_P=3m(-2v-u).

The magnitude is given as 15mv15mv. Therefore

3m(2v+u)=15mv.3m(2v+u)=15mv.

Cancelling 3m3m,

2v+u=5v,2v+u=5v,

and hence

u=3v.\boxed{u=3v}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

两物体受到的冲量大小相等。QQ 碰前速度为 −ku-ku,碰后为 +v+v,代入冲量关系后利用上一问。

答题过程

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The impulse on QQ has magnitude 15mv15mv in the positive direction. Thus

15mv=5m[v−(−ku)].15mv=5m\bigl[v-(-ku)\bigr].

Hence

3v=v+ku,ku=2v.3v=v+ku,\qquad ku=2v.

Using u=3vu=3v,

3kv=2v,3kv=2v,

so

k=23.\boxed{k=\frac23}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

碰前接近速率和碰后分离速率都要用两速率之和,因为两物体在这两个阶段分别相向和背向运动。

答题过程

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The approach speed is u+kuu+ku. The separation speed is 2v+v=3v2v+v=3v. Therefore

e=3vu+ku.e=\frac{3v}{u+ku}.

With u=3vu=3v and k=2/3k=2/3,

e=3v3v+2v.e=\frac{3v}{3v+2v}.

Hence

e=35.\boxed{e=\frac35}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

动能使用速率平方。把两物体碰前、碰后的四项都写出,再相减;最后题目要的是系数 λ\lambda。

答题过程

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Using u=3vu=3v and ku=2vku=2v, the kinetic energy before collision is

Kbefore=12(3m)(3v)2+12(5m)(2v)2=472mv2.K_{\mathrm{before}}=\frac12(3m)(3v)^2+\frac12(5m)(2v)^2=\frac{47}{2}mv^2.

After collision it is

Kafter=12(3m)(2v)2+12(5m)v2=172mv2.K_{\mathrm{after}}=\frac12(3m)(2v)^2+\frac12(5m)v^2=\frac{17}{2}mv^2.

Thus the loss is

Kbefore−Kafter=15mv2.K_{\mathrm{before}}-K_{\mathrm{after}}=15mv^2.

Comparing with λmv2\lambda mv^2 gives

λ=15.\boxed{\lambda=15}.