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M2 2023 Oct Q2

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

Figure 1 shows a template where

  • PQUYPQUY is a uniform square lamina with sides of length 4a4a
  • RSTURSTU is a uniform square lamina with sides of length 2a2a
  • VWXYVWXY is a uniform square lamina with sides of length 2a2a
  • the three squares all lie in the same plane
  • the mass per unit area of VWXYVWXY is double the mass per unit area of PQUYPQUY
  • the mass per unit area of RSTURSTU is double the mass per unit area of PQUYPQUY
  • the distance of the centre of mass of the template from PXPX is dd

(a) Show that d=52ad=\frac52a

(5)

The template is freely pivoted about QQ and hangs in equilibrium with PQPQ at an angle of θ\theta to the downward vertical.

(b) Find the value of tan⁡θ\tan\theta

(6)

The mass of the template is MM

The template is still freely pivoted about QQ, but it is now held in equilibrium, with PQPQ vertical, by a horizontal force of magnitude FF which acts on the template at XX. The line of action of the force lies in the same plane as the template.

(c) Find FF in terms of MM and gg

(3)
题目中文翻译

图 1 所示的模板满足:

  • PQUYPQUY 是边长为 4a4a 的均匀正方形薄片;
  • RSTURSTU 是边长为 2a2a 的均匀正方形薄片;
  • VWXYVWXY 是边长为 2a2a 的均匀正方形薄片;
  • 三个正方形均位于同一平面内;
  • VWXYVWXY 的单位面积质量是 PQUYPQUY 的两倍;
  • RSTURSTU 的单位面积质量是 PQUYPQUY 的两倍;
  • 模板质心到 PXPX 的距离为 dd。

(a) 证明 d=52ad=\frac52a。

(5)

模板以 QQ 为自由转动支点悬挂并处于平衡状态,PQPQ 与竖直向下方向成 θ\theta 角。

(b) 求 tan⁡θ\tan\theta 的值。

(6)

模板的质量为 MM。

模板仍以 QQ 为自由转动支点,但现在在 XX 点受到大小为 FF 的水平力作用,使其保持平衡且 PQPQ 竖直。 该力的作用线与模板位于同一平面内。

(c) 用 MM 和 gg 表示 FF。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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小正方形面积为大正方形的四分之一,但面密度为两倍,所以质量比为 2:1:12:1:1。先列三块质心到 PXPX 的距离,再取质量矩证明给定式。

答题过程

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Let the mass per unit area of PQUYPQUY be σ\sigma. The masses of PQUYPQUY, RSTURSTU and VWXYVWXY are respectively

16σa2,8σa2,8σa2.16\sigma a^2,\qquad 8\sigma a^2,\qquad 8\sigma a^2.

Their centres of mass are at their square centres. Measured perpendicularly above PXPX, their distances are respectively

2a,4a+a=5a,a.2a,\qquad 4a+a=5a,\qquad a.

Taking moments of masses about PXPX,

32σa2d=16σa2(2a)+8σa2(5a)+8σa2(a).32\sigma a^2d=16\sigma a^2(2a)+8\sigma a^2(5a)+8\sigma a^2(a).

Thus

32σa2d=(32+40+8)σa3=80σa3.32\sigma a^2d=(32+40+8)\sigma a^3=80\sigma a^3.

Cancelling 32σa232\sigma a^2 gives

d=52a.\boxed{d=\frac52a}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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悬挂时 QGQG 竖直向下。还需计算质心到 PQPQ 的横向距离;再把 QGQG 相对于 QPQP 的角写成直角三角形正切,不能只用上一问的一个坐标。

答题过程

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Let GG be the centre of mass. In the orientation of Figure 1, let zz be its perpendicular distance to the right of PQPQ.

The three square centres have distances 2a2a, 3a3a and 5a5a to the right of PQPQ. Taking moments about PQPQ,

32σa2z=16σa2(2a)+8σa2(3a)+8σa2(5a).32\sigma a^2z=16\sigma a^2(2a)+8\sigma a^2(3a)+8\sigma a^2(5a).

Therefore

z=32+24+4032a=3a.z=\frac{32+24+40}{32}a=3a.

Since QQ is 4a4a above PXPX, the component of QGQG along QPQP is

4a−d=4a−52a=32a.4a-d=4a-\frac52a=\frac32a.

Its perpendicular component is 3a3a.

When the template hangs freely, QGQG is vertically downwards. The angle between QPQP and QGQG is therefore θ\theta, so

tan⁡θ=3a3a/2.\tan\theta=\frac{3a}{3a/2}.

Hence

tan⁡θ=2.\boxed{\tan\theta=2}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

PQPQ 竖直时,重力的垂直力臂是质心到 PQPQ 的距离 3a3a;水平力的力臂是 QQ 到 XX 所在水平线的距离 4a4a。对支点取矩即可消去支点反力。

答题过程

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With PQPQ vertical, the weight MgMg acts through GG with perpendicular distance 3a3a from QQ.

The horizontal force at XX has perpendicular distance 4a4a from QQ. It acts in the direction that opposes the moment of the weight.

Taking moments about QQ,

Mg(3a)=F(4a).Mg(3a)=F(4a).

Thus

F=34Mg.\boxed{F=\frac34Mg}.